VISUAL CULTURE IN INDIA

PART – A

 

1.      Narrative 

·        A narrative, story or tale is any account of a series of related events or experiences, whether nonfictional or fictional.

·        Narratives can be presented through a sequence of written or spoken words, still or moving images, or any combination of these 

2.      Pop art 

·        Pop art is a style of art based on simple, bold images of everyday items. 

·        Pop artists created pictures of consumer product labels and packaging, photos of celebrities, comic strips, and animals. 

3.      Cultural imperialism 

·        Cultural imperialism is the process and practice of promoting one culture over another.

·        It is the practice of promoting and imposing a culture, usually that of a politically powerful nation, over a less powerful society.

·        It is the idea that one culture can either influence or dominate another culture. 

4.      Cultural studies 

·        Cultural studies is that investigates the ways in which culture create and transforms individual experiences, everyday life, social relations and power.

·        It helps us to understand ourselves and those around us  

5.      Gender 

·        Gender is used to describe the characteristics of women and men that are socially constructed

·        People are born female or male, but learn to be girls and boys who grow into women and men 

6.      Folk media 

·        Folk Media refers to traditional media based on sound, image and sign language.

·        It is expressed in the form of traditional music, drama, dance and puppetry. 

7.      Low culture 

·        It is the culture of  less well-educated, barbarians, etc.

·        Slapstick comedy, escapist fiction, popular music, comic books, tattoo art and exploitation films are examples of low culture 

8.      High culture 

·        High culture is about literature, art, philosophy and other stuff that is usually associated with educated (or rich) people. 

·        Examples of this kind of culture include: An appreciation for opera. A love of classical music. 

9.      Visual art 

·        The visual arts are art forms that create works that are primarily visual in nature, such as ceramics, drawing, painting, sculpture, printmaking, design, crafts, photography, video, film making and architecture. 

10. New media 

·        It is a means of mass communication using digital technologies such as the Internet.

·        Some examples of new media are computer animations, computer games, human-computer interfaces, interactive computer installations, websites, and virtual worlds.  

11. Cross culture 

·        It deals with the comparison between two or more different cultures or cultural areas.

·        In China, giving a direct "yes" or "no" answer  is considered very rude. 

12. M F Hussain 

·        Maqbool Fida Husain better known as M. F. Husain was an Indian painter, regarded as India's most prolific, controversial, and world-renowned artist.

·        He was a modern Indian painter of international acclaim, and a founding member of Bombay Progressive Artists' Group 

13. Image depiction 

·        Representation in image form, as in a painting or illustration

·        Picasso's painting Guernica is an accurate depiction of the horrors of war. 

14. Poster 

·        A poster is a temporary promotion of an idea, product, or event put up in a public space for mass consumption.

·        Typically, posters include both textual and graphic elements, although a poster may be either wholly graphical or wholly text. 

·        Posters are designed to be both eye-catching and informative. 

15. Mass appeal 

·        Mass appeal is the near ubiquitous (omnipresent) approval of someone or something.

·        For example, Facebook is a social media platform with mass appeal. This kind of mass appeal can be thought to be enjoyed by many things: Christmas, pop music, chocolate, etc 

16. Jataka Tales 

·        The Jataka tales are a voluminous (big) body of literature native to India concerning the previous births of Gautama Buddha in both human and animal form.

·        The future Buddha may appear as a king, an outcast, a god, an elephant but, in whatever form, he exhibits some virtue that the tale thereby inculcates. 

17. Rabindra Sangeeth 

·        Rabindra Sangeet, also known as Tagore Songs, written and composed by the Bengali polymath Rabindranath Tagore, winner of the 1913 Nobel Prize in Literature.

·        Tagore was a prolific composer with around 2,230 songs to his credit 

18. J ugalbandi 

·        A jugalbandi or jugalbandhi is a performance in Indian classical music, especially in Hindustani classical music, but also in Carnatic that features a duet of two solo musicians.

·        The duet can be either vocal or instrumental 

19. Kathak 

·        Kathak is one of the eight major forms of Indian classical dance performed in Kerala.

·        The origin of Kathak is traditionally attributed to the traveling poets of ancient northern India known as Kathakars or storytellers 

20. Impressionism - Impressionism is a 19th-century art movement characterized by relatively small, thin, yet visible brush strokes, open composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities, ordinary subject matter, inclusion of movement as a crucial element of human perception and experience, and unusual visual angles. 

21. Sun Television 

·        Sun TV is an Indian Tamil language cable and satellite television channel launched on 14 April 1993.

·        It is the flagship channel of the Chennai-based media conglomerate Sun Group's Sun TV Network. It was founded and is owned by Kalanithi Maran. 

22. Stereotyping 

·        It is an expectation that people might have about every person of a particular group.

·        The type of expectation can vary; it can be, for example, an expectation about the group's personality, preferences, or ability

23. Folk hero

·        A folk hero is a person, who may or may not have existed, and is famous and well liked by people, or people of a certain country.

·        Usually it is someone who helped the common people or fought against the authorities, such as a bad king 

24. Dominant ideology 

·        In Marxist philosophy, the term dominant ideology denotes the attitudes, beliefs, values, and morals shared by the majority of the people in a given society.

·        The dominant ideology is the ideology of the dominant class summarizes its function as a revolutionary basis. 

25. Cultural anthropology 

·        The branch of anthropology concerned with the study of human societies and cultures and their development.

·        It is the study of past and present societies and the language, traditions, customs, and behavior that are both similar and different from one to another. 

26. Broadcasting 

·        Broadcasting is the distribution of audio or video content to a dispersed audience via any electronic mass communications medium.

·        Broadcast media refers to mass media outlets, such as television and radio stations. 

27. Marshal McLuhan 

·        The medium is the message" is a phrase coined by the Canadian philosopher Marshall McLuhan 

·        McLuhan proposes that a medium itself, not the content it carries, should be the focus of study. 

28. Marxism 

·        Marxism is a political and economic way of organizing society, where the workers own the means of production.

·        Socialism is a way of organizing a society in which the means of production are owned and controlled by the waged people. 

29. Audience 

·        An Audience is the person for whom a writer writes, or composer composes.

·        In simple words, audience refers to the spectators, listeners, and intended readers of a writing, performance, or speech. 

30. Public sphere 

·        The public sphere is an area in social life where individuals can come together to freely discuss and identify societal problems, and through that discussion influence political action. Such a discussion is called public debate and is defined as the expression of views on matters that are of concern to the public 

31. Globalization 

·        It is the growing interdependence of the world's economies, cultures, and populations, brought about by cross-border trade in goods and services, technology, and flows of investment, people, and information.

·        It provides wide range of markets to large corporations. 

32. Visual narration 

·        A visual narrative is a story told primarily through the use of visual media.

·        The story may be told using still photography, illustration, or video, and can be enhanced with graphics, music, voice and other audio. 

33. Gender role 

·        Gender roles can be defined as the behaviors, values, and attitudes that a society considers appropriate for both male and female.

·        Generally, men were seen as the provider for the family and women were seen as the caretakers of both the home and the family. 

34. Color culture 

·        Colors carry deep meanings with them in every culture.

·        For instance, in some cultures, white represents innocence, but in others, it can represent death. 

35. Drama 

·        Drama is a mode of fictional representation through dialogue and performance.

·        It contains conflict of characters, particularly the ones who perform in front of audience on the stage. 

36. Virtual reality 

·        Virtual Reality (VR) is the use of computer technology to create a simulated environment.

·        Unlike traditional user interfaces, VR places the user inside an experience.

·        Instead of viewing a screen in front of them, users are immersed and able to interact with 3D worlds 

37. Enculturation 

·        It is the gradual acquisition of the characteristics and norms of a culture or group by a person, another culture, etc.

·        Enculturation is the process where the culture that is currently established teaches an individual the accepted norms and values of the culture or society where the individual lives. 

38. Semiotics 

·        Semiotics is the study of sign process, which is any form of activity, conduct, or any process that involves signs, including the production of meaning.

·        Common signs that are understood globally include traffic signs, emojis, and corporate logos 

39. Connotation 

·        The associated or secondary meaning of a word or expression in addition to its explicit or primary meaning

·        A possible connotation of “home” is “a place of warmth, comfort, and affection.” 

40. Denotation 

·        Denotation is generally defined as literal or dictionary meanings of a word.

·        The denotation refers to the most basic or specific meaning of a word.

·        For example, the word home is just a name of structure 

41. Information society 

·        Information Society is a term for a society in which the creation, distribution, and manipulation of information has become the most significant economic and cultural activity.

·        An Information Society may be contrasted with societies in which the economic underpinning is primarily Industrial or Agrarian. 

42. Commodity 

·        A commodity is a basic good used in commerce that is interchangeable with other goods of the same type. 

·        Commodities are most often used as inputs in the production of other goods or services. 

43. Film culture 

·        Film culture is a process measured by the discourses (talk) surrounding the films and the business, the craft and the industry that produces them.

·        These discourses shape values, practices, activities and institutions that, in sum, constitute film culture 

44. Liberalism 

·        Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on liberty, consent of the governed and equality before the law.

·        It includes women's rights, voting rights for all adult citizens, civil rights, and environmental justice 

45. Special audience 

·        Special Audience Programmes need to be arranged to meet the communication needs of different segments such as; women, children, youth, senior citizens and armed forces etc.

·        They need programmes to address their specific queries and problems which can be met through programmes specifically designed for them 

46. Feminism 

·        Feminism is fighting for the equality of the sexes.

·        These include things such as reducing the gender pay gap, prosecuting rape and sexual assault, promoting equal rights for transgender people, and many more things which promote the common good. 

47. Motif 

·        Motif is (music) a short melodic passage that is repeated in several parts of a work.

·        A motif is a recurring idea or concept throughout a text. 

48. Leit motif - A recurrent theme throughout a musical or literary composition, associated with a particular person, idea, or situation. 

49. Para social interaction 

·        PSI is described as an illusionary experience, such that media audiences interact with personas (e.g., talk show host, celebrities, fictional characters, social media influencers) as if they are engaged in a reciprocal relationship with them

·        Viewers or listeners come to consider media personalities as friends, despite having limited interactions with them. 

50. Chacha chowdhary 

·        Chacha Chaudhary is an Indian comic book character, created by cartoonist Pran Kumar Sharma.

·        The comic comes in ten Indian languages including Hindi and English and has sold over ten million copies.

·        It has also been made into a television series with Raghubir Yadav playing the role of Chacha Chaudhary.

 

51. Amar Chitra Katha - Mumbai, introduced generations of Indian children to their country's cultural and religious heritage through the comic book series Amar Chitra Katha (“immortal illustrated stories”), which he began in 1967. 

52. Demassification 

·        Demassification refers to the breaking down of an industry, specifically the media industry into smaller titles.

·        The media shifts their products to appeal to certain audiences, and the largest audiences possible. 

·        Demassification started with the radio to break (something homogeneous) into elements that appeal to individual tastes or special interests 

53. Tamasha - Tamasha is a traditional form of Marathi theatre, often with singing and dancing, widely performed by local or travelling theatre groups within the state of Maharashtra, India. 

54. Reality television 

·        Reality TV is a type of television programming that aims to show how ordinary people behave in everyday life, or in situations, often created by the program makers, which are intended to represent everyday life.

·        It includes hidden camera shows, talent-search shows, documentary series about ordinary people, high-concept game shows, home improvement shows, and court shows featuring real-life cases. 

55. Ideation 

·        Ideation refers to the process of developing and conveying prescriptive ideas to others

·        It describes the sequence of thoughts from the original concept to implementation. 

56. Puppetry

·        Puppetry is a form of theatre or performance that involves the manipulation of puppets - inanimate objects, often resembling some type of human or animal figure, that are animated or manipulated by a human called a puppeteer.

·        Puppeteers use movements from hands and arms to control devices such as rods or strings to move the body, head, limbs, and in some cases the mouth and eyes of the puppet. 

57. Socialization 

·        The act of adapting behavior to the norms of a culture or society is called socialization. 

·        Socialization can also mean going out and meeting people or hanging out with friends. 

58. Beliefs 

·        An acceptance that something exists or is true, especially one without proof.

·        Faith in God is an example of a belief.

59. Visual representation 

·        An image is a visual representation of something that depicts or records visual perception.

·        Drawing a situation, graphing lists of data, or placing numbers on a number line are examples of visual representation 

60. Graffiti 

·        Graffiti is writing or drawings made on a wall or other surface, usually as a form of artistic expression, without permission and within public view. 

·        Graffiti ranges from simple written words to elaborate wall paintings 

61. Window shopping - Window shopping, sometimes called browsing, refers to an activity in which a consumer browses through or examines a store's merchandise as a form of leisure or external search behaviour without a current intent to buy. 

62. Panel drawing 

·        A panel is an individual frame, or single drawing, in the multiple-panel sequence of a comic strip or comic book.

·        A panel consists of a single drawing depicting a frozen moment. 

63. Box office 

·        The place in a cinema or theatre where tickets are sold

·        It is a measure of how popular and financially successful a film or actor is 

64. Gaze 

·        Look steadily and attentively, especially in admiration, surprise, or thought.

·        When someone lays eyes on you and keeps looking, it is a gaze

·        When people daydream, they often gaze off into the distance without focusing on anything. 

65. Fan club 

·        A fan club is a group that is dedicated to celebrities group, or idea.

·        Most fan clubs are run by fans that devote considerable time and resources to support them. 

66. Panchatantra 

·        The Panchatantra is an ancient Indian collection of interrelated animal fables (story) in Sanskrit verse (poetry) and prose, arranged within a frame story.

·        The Panchatantra is said to be one of the most popular collection of stories world-wide to impart educational knowledge to the children and adults.  

67. Political cartoon 

·        It is a type of editorial cartoon, is a graphic with caricatures of public figures, expressing the artist's opinion.

·        They typically combine artistic skill, exaggeration and skit in order to question authority and draw attention to corruption, political violence and other social ills. 

68. Folk art 

·        It is expressing cultural identity by conveying shared community values and aesthetics. 

·        It includes decorative media, including cloth, wood, paper, clay, and more 

69. Caricature 

·        A caricature is an image showing the features of its subject in a simplified or exaggerated way through sketching, pencil strokes, or other artistic drawings.

·        It is used for conveying political commentary and editorial opinion in newspapers and for social comedy and visual wit (humor) in magazines. 

70. Index - Composition Index measures the concentration of a particular target group of consumers on a given website or ad network, compared to the concentration of that target in the total Internet population. 

71. Representation 

·        Media portrays particular groups, communities, experiences, ideas, or topics from a particular ideological perspective.

·        Representation refers to the construction in any medium of aspects of 'reality' such as people, places, objects, events, cultural identities and other abstract concepts. 

72. Mediation 

·        Mediation in Marxist theory refers to the understanding of two opposing forces within a given society by a mediating object.

·        The central mediating factor of a given culture is the medium of communication itself. 

73. Commodification 

·        The act of taking something's original form and commercializing it, turning it into an object of trade and capital.

·        Ex -  Pop culture, advertisements, mainstream, and capital.