ENTERTAINMENT & SOCIETY

PART – A

 

1.      Feature genres 

·        Genre means a type of art, literature, or music characterized by a specific form, content, and style.

·        All of these genres have particular features and functions that distinguish them from one another. 

2.      Social media 

·        Social media is any digital tool that allows users to quickly create and share content with the public. (WhatsApp, Twitter, etc.) 

·        Social media encompasses a wide range of websites and apps. 

3.      Blog sphere 

·        The blogosphere is made up of all blogs and their interconnections.

·        In blog everyday authors can publish their opinions 

4.      Invisible web 

·        The deep web, invisible web, or hidden web is parts of the World Wide Web whose contents are not indexed by standard web search-engines.

·        The opposite term to the deep web is the "surface web", which is accessible to anyone using the Internet.  

5.      Civil society 

·        Society considered as a community of citizens linked by common interests and collective activity.

·        Civil society can be understood as the "third sector" of society, distinct from government and business 

6.      Globalization 

·        Globalization is the process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide.

·        Globalization has accelerated due to advances in transportation and communication technology.

7.      Infotainment 

·        Infotainment also called soft news is a type of media, usually television that provides a combination of information and entertainment.

·        It refers to television shows, movies, websites, and software that blend information and entertainment together. 

8.      Interactive media 

·        Interactive media refers to products and services on digital computer-based systems by presenting content such as text, moving image, animation, video, audio, and video games

·        Social networking websites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram are examples of interactive media. 

9.      Participatory communication 

·        Participatory communication is an approach based on dialogue

·        It allows the sharing of information, perceptions and opinions among the various stakeholders (employer, employee, customer, etc) and thereby facilitates their empowerment. 

10. Media advocacy (support) 

·        Media advocacy is defined as the strategic use of mass media to advance public policy initiatives.

·        Media advocacy has as its goal the promotion of healthy public policies. 

11. Public sphere 

·        The public sphere is an area in social life where individuals can come together to freely discuss and identify societal problems.

·        The public sphere is the area of politics where strangers come together to engage in the free exchange of ideas, and is open to everyone 

12. Diffused audience 

·        The audiences are connected to the media i.e. audiences can be dispersed however they all view the same thing.

·        They are always present in internet connection, multitasked with television, conversation and working from home 

13. News 

·        Newly received or noteworthy information, especially about recent events.

·        Usually a broadcast or published report not previously known to someone 

14. Social networking 

·        Social networking is the use of Internet-based social media sites to stay connected with friends, family, colleagues, customers, or clients. 

·        Social networking can have a social purpose, a business purpose, or both, through sites such as Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, and Instagram, among others 

15. Latest trends 

·        A trend is what is stylish or popular at a certain point in time.

·        A trend usually refers to a certain style in fashion or entertainment 

16. Media audiences 

·        A media audience may be as small as one person reading a magazine or as large as billions of people around the world watching events on television. 

·        Media producers intend audiences to read their product in a certain way, but in actual fact everyone 'reads' and enjoys a product differently due to the individual's background and lifestyle. 

17. Media management 

·        Media management is the study about how media organizations use resources to meet the needs and wants of a given society.

·        It is interested in the effective management of media outlets. 

18. Popular culture 

·        Culture based on the tastes of ordinary people rather than an educated elite.

·        Examples of popular culture including popular music, print, cyber culture, sports, entertainment, advertising and television. 

19. Talk shows 

·        A talk show or chat show is a television programming or radio programming genre structured around the act of spontaneous conversation.

·        In a talk show, person discusses various topics put forth by a talk show host

20. Comedy 

·        A comedy film is a category of film in which the main emphasis is on humor.

·        These films are designed to make the audience laugh through amusement and most often work by exaggerating characteristics for humorous effect.

·        Films in this style traditionally have a happy ending. 

21. Comic relief 

·        Comic relief is the inclusion of a humorous character, scene, or humorous dialogue to relieve tension.

·        Comic Relief is when the audience laughs, but the characters themselves don't. 

22. Leisure pursuit 

·        An activity done regularly in one's leisure time for pleasure, hobby, & relaxation.

·        Examples of leisure activities are bicycling, golfing, walking, skating, swimming, painting, drawing, reading, listening to music or meditating. 

23. Virtual entertainment 

·        Virtual reality entertainment is the creation of a virtual environment presented to our senses in such a way that we experience it as if we were really there.

·        It allows the person to view 3D images and these images appear life-sized to the person, so the entertainment seems realistic but enjoyable. 

24. Gratification 

·        Gratification is the pleasurable emotional reaction of happiness in response to a fulfillment of a desire or goal.

·        It is the fulfillment of social needs such as association, socializing, social approval, and mutual recognition. 

25. Psycho analysis 

·        Sigmund Freud 's psychoanalytic theory of personality argues that human behavior is the result of the interactions among three component parts of the mind: the id, ego, and superego.

·        The core of psychoanalysis is the belief that all people possess unconscious thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories. 

26. Id 

·        The id is the most basic part of the personality.

·        It also represents our most animalistic urges, like the desire for food and sex.

·        The id seeks instant gratification for our wants and needs.

·        If these needs or wants are not met, a person can become tense, anxious, or angry. 

27. Ego 

·        It is the decision-making component of personality.

·        The ego works by reason

·        The ego operates according to the reality principle, working out realistic ways of satisfying the id’s demands. 

28. Super ego 

·        The part of a person's mind that acts as a self-critical conscience, reflecting social standards learned from parents and teachers.

·        The superego is guiding the person to follow learned rules rather than impulses. 

29. Aristotle’s poetics 

·        Aristotle proposes to study poetry by analyzing its parts and then drawing general conclusions. 

·        He defines poetry as the mimetic, or imitative, use of language, rhythm, and harmony, separately or in combination. 

30. Mass media 

·        The means of communication that reach large numbers of people in a short time.

·        This can be written, spoken or broadcast communication.

·        Some of the most popular forms of mass media are newspapers, magazines, radio, advertisements, social media, television, Internet, and films/movies. 

31. Face book 

·        Facebook is a social networking site that makes it easy for you to connect and share with family and friends online.

·        Facebook's mission is to give people the power to build community and bring the world closer together.

·        People use Facebook to discover what's going on in the world, and to share and express what matters to them.

32. Performance 

·        Performance – It is the act of performing; carrying into execution or action

·        An act of presenting a play, concert, or other form of entertainment. 

33. Narrative depth 

·        Narrative depth means how complex the story is, how many levels it has etc.

·        A story with a lot of narrative depth would contain several themes; have complex plotting, and several subplots. 

34. Marketing 

·        The business of promoting and selling products or services

·        Marketing is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large.  

35. Non-interactive media 

·        Non-interactive media refers to those services and systems which are not directly connected by the people.

·        For example, while watching television we can only watch it but cannot interact with it. 

36. Flash news 

·        A report on an important piece of news that is given in the middle of another television or radio show

·        It is a current issue that broadcasters interrupt the scheduled program in order to report its details. 

37. Indian society 

·        It is a pluralistic society characterized by a multitude of ethnic, linguistic, religious and caste divisions.

·        Hindus constitute the majority community and comprise about 82% of the population. 

38. Protagonist 

·        A protagonist is the main character of a story.

·        The protagonist is at the center of the story, makes the key decisions, and experiences the consequences of those decisions.

·        The protagonist is the primary agent propelling the story forward, and is often the character that faces the most significant obstacles. 

39. Antagonist 

·        An antagonist is a character in a story who is the main enemy of the protagonist

·        He represents a threat or obstacle to the main character

·        Antagonist is used to create conflict within a story. 

40. Audiences 

·        An audience is a group of people who participate in a show or a work of art, literature, theatre, music, video games, etc.

·        The assembled spectators or listeners at a public event such as a play, film, concert, or meeting. 

41. Play theory 

·        Play theory is mainly emphasized on how we use media for our satisfaction and also how media bring changes in our lives according to its contents.

·        This theory is based on a field where pain is in one end and pleasures the other.

·        Work favors pain and play favors pleasure. 

42. Reality principle 

·        In psychoanalysis, the reality principle is the ability of the mind to assess the reality of the external world, and to act upon it accordingly

·        The reality principle forces the mind to consider the risks, requirements and outcomes of various decisions. 

43. Sigmund Freud 

·        Sigmund Freud was the founding father of Psychoanalysis

·        It is a method for treating mental illness and also a theory which explains human behavior (Id, Ego and Super ego). 

44. Narrative 

·        A narrative, story or tale is any account of a series of related events or experiences, whether nonfictional or fictional.

·        Narratives can be presented through a sequence of written or spoken words, still or moving images, or any combination of these. 

45. Subculture 

·        A subculture is a group of people within a culture that differentiates itself from the parent culture to which it belongs

·        Subcultures develop their own norms and values regarding cultural, political and in all matters.

·        Hip-hop culture, Pop culture, film culture are some of the examples of sub culture 

46. George Gerbner 

·        George Gerbner was a professor of communication and the founder of cultivation theory.

·        He proposed two dimensions in the process of communication, Perceptual Dimension and Means and control dimension.  

47. Social class 

·        A social class in which people are grouped into a set of hierarchical social categories

·        The most common being the upper, middle and lower classes 

48. Cult (religious group) 

·        A cult is a group or movement held together by a shared commitment to a charismatic leader or ideology.

·        It has a belief system that has the answers to all of life's questions and offers a special solution to be gained only by following the leader's rules 

49. Trailer 

·        A trailer is a commercial advertisement for a feature film

·        The length of a trailer is usually around 20-30 seconds. 

50. Teaser 

·        An advertising or promotional device intended to arouse interest or curiosity to follow

·        A teaser is a short trailer that doesn't give away any plot details but gives us a glimpse of the tone and characters of the movie.

·        Interesting clips from film are shown in television before its release 

51. New media 

·        New media are forms of media that are computational and rely on computers for redistribution.

·        Some examples of new media are computer animations, computer games, human-computer interfaces, interactive computer installations, websites, and virtual worlds 

52. Mass culture 

·        Cultural products that are both mass-produced and for mass audiences. 

·        Examples include mass-media entertainments—films, television programmes, popular books, newspapers, magazines, popular music, etc. 

53. Pop culture

·        Culture based on the tastes of ordinary people rather than educated elite is called popular culture. (Example - film, music, television, video games, etc)

·        It is the entirety of attitudes, ideas, images, perspectives and other phenomena within the mainstream of a given culture 

54. Cultivation effects 

·        A cultivation effect is the relationship between the amount of time people spend watching television and the beliefs those viewers hold about the world

·        According to Cultivation theory the audiences are divided into light viewer, medium viewer, and heavy viewer 

55. Human interest news 

·        A human-interest story is a feature story that discusses a person, or people, or a pet in an emotional way.

·        It presents people and their problems, concerns, or achievements in a way that brings about interest, sympathy or motivation in the reader or viewer. 

56. Market trend 

·        Media trend refers to a trend appearing in different media channels. 

·        Media trends are based on information content, new methods and innovations in spreading media content, etc. 

57. Information knowledge 

·        Information is a refined form of data that is useful to understand the meaning. 

·        Knowledge means the awareness or understanding of the subject obtained from the education or experience of a particular person. 

58. Civilization 

·        Civilization refers to a society or group of people or the process of achieving a higher state of social development.

·        An example of civilization is an industrial society that has arts, sciences, and machines such as cars. 

59. Blogs

·        A blog (weblog) is an online journal or informational website displaying information.

·        It is a platform where a writer or a group of writers share their views on an individual subject. 

60. Diffusion theory 

·        Diffusion of innovations is a theory that seeks to explain how, why, and at what rate new ideas and technology spread.

·        The end result of this diffusion is that people, adopt a new idea, behavior, or product. 

61. Pleasure 

·        A feeling of happy satisfaction and enjoyment.

·        It is intended for entertainment rather than business. 

62. Amusement 

·        The state or experience of finding something funny.

·        It is associated with enjoyment, happiness, laughter and pleasure

63. Amusement park 

·        An amusement park is a park that features various attractions, such as rides and games, as well as other events for entertainment purposes.

·        They are usually providing attractions that cater to a variety of age groups. 

64. Theme park 

·        A theme park is a type of amusement park that bases its structures and attractions around a central theme

·        MGM Dizzee World, Queensland, Kishkinta, VGP are some of the theme park in Chennai 

65. Alienation 

·        Alienation refers to the process by which a social being is disengaged from the social processes or structures.

·        Alcoholism often leads to the alienation of family and friends 

66. Mall 

·        A large retail complex containing a variety of stores, restaurants and other business establishments housed in a series of adjacent buildings.

·        Malls are great places for entertainment. Malls are convenient places to shop. 

67. 24 hour society 

·        A modern society in which people can buy goods, work, go to restaurants, etc. all night and all day

·        The 24-hour society, with its increasing demand for people to work outside office hours, could have negative influences on health 

68. Empiricism 

·        Empiricism is a theory that states that knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory experience.

·        Empiricism emphasizes the role of empirical evidence in the formation of ideas, rather than innate ideas or traditions. 

69. Non-fictional narrative 

·        Narrative non-fiction' is a true story written in the style of a fiction novel

·        It has clear, well-developed characters.

·        Story is told using scenes that follow a narrative arc. 

70. Genre 

·        A style or category of art, music, film or literature.

·        Different genres of film are action, war, love, fantasy, science fiction, etc 

71. TAM 

·        TAM Media Research is one of the Television Audience Measurement analysis firms of India.

·        TAM also monitors advertising expenditure through its division AdEx India. 

72. Limited effects of media 

·        The Limited Effects Theory argues that the influence from a mass media message on individuals is limited.

·        The theory states that even if there is an effect created by the media on the thoughts and opinions of individuals; this effect is minimal at best or limited. 

73. Cyber laws 

·        Cyber law is legislation focused on the acceptable behavioral use of technology including computer hardware and software, the internet, and networks. 

·        Cyber law helps protect users from harm by enabling the investigation and prosecution of online criminal activity. 

74. Gossip 

·        Gossip is a rumor, especially about the personal or private affairs of others

·        Articles about the lives of movie stars in magazines are an example of gossip.  

75. Advertisements 

·        The actual promotional messages are called advertisements. 

·        A notice or announcement in a public medium promoting a product, service, or event or publicizing a job vacancy. 

76. Television show

·        A television show or simply TV show – is any content produced for viewing on a television set 

·        Television shows are most often scheduled for broadcast well ahead of time 

·        Television shows can be viewed: live; be recorded for later viewing 

77. Hobbies 

·        A hobby is a regular activity done for enjoyment, typically during one's leisure time

·        Hobbies include collecting themed items and objects, engaging in creative and artistic works, playing sports, or pursuing other amusements 

78. Internet 

·        The Internet is a global wide area network that connects computer systems across the world.

·        The internet is used by companies, governments, universities and other organizations to communicate one another 

79. Ethical issues 

·        A problem or situation that requires a person or organization to choose between alternatives that must be evaluated as right (ethical) or wrong (unethical).

·        Common Ethical Issues in the Workplace are Unethical Leadership, Toxic Workplace Culture, Discrimination and Harassment, etc. 

80. Critics 

·        A person who expresses an unfavorable opinion of something.

·        A critic is a professional who communicates an assessment and an opinion of various forms of creative works such as art, literature, music, cinema, theatre, fashion, architecture, and food.  

81. Relaxation 

·        Relaxation is the emotional state of a living being

·        Relaxation is when the body and mind are free from tension and anxiety. 

82. Marketing management 

·        Marketing management is “planning, organizing, controlling and implementing of marketing programmes, policies, strategies and tactics

·        Marketing managers aim to maximize profits through the development of sales strategies 

83. Special audience program 

·        Special Audience Programmes are the programmes for women, children, youth, senior citizens, etc.

·        They need programmes to address their specific queries which can be met through programmes specifically designed for them. 

84. Mobile phones 

·        A mobile phone is a portable telephone that can make and receive calls

·        Mobile phones are used for a variety of purposes, such as keeping in touch with family members, for conducting business, and in order to have access to a telephone in the event of an emergency.  

85. Society culture 

·        Culture consists of the beliefs, behaviors, objects, and other characteristics common to the members of a particular group or society.

·        Through culture, people and groups define themselves, conform to society's shared values, and contribute to society.

PART B & C 

 

1.      Popular culture

 

·        Culture based on the tastes of ordinary people rather than educated elite is called popular culture.

·        It is the entirety of attitudes, ideas, images, perspectives and other phenomena within the mainstream of a given culture

·        This collection of ideas permeates the everyday lives of the society.

·        The most common pop culture categories are: entertainment movies, music, television, games, memes, sports, news, politics, fashion/clothes, technology, and slang. 

·        Popular culture has a way of influencing an individual's attitudes towards certain topics.

 

2.      Different types of entertainment

 

Music 

 

·        Everyone enjoys music.

·        In India, music consists of popular, folk, classical and pop.

·        The classical music includes Carnatic and Hindustani music.

·        The film industry has been thriving on Western pop music

 

Dance

 

·        Another form of entertainment in India is dance.

·        There are various forms of dance in the country and each region will have its own unique style.

·        For example, the Odissi dance is common in Orissa while Bharat Natyam is more popular in Tamil Nadu.

·        The hand movements and facial expressions of dancers convey many thoughts and feelings while their dresses are beautiful. 

 

Films 

 

·        A huge percentage of Indians spend money on films.

·        Movies are a good choice for all people for entertainment.

·        Film producers spend a lot of their time and money on producing films. 

Puppetry 

 

·        Puppetry is more popular in the villages.

·        Many people will travel to see them, particularly during Indian festivals. 

Radio 

 

·        Radios have been around for many decades.

·        They have also stood as one of the most reliable information sources.

·        Radio is a great form of entertainment.

·        Apart from the news, people also listen to music tracks and sports commentating.

 

Television 

 

·        The television is another popular entertainment medium in the country, particularly for people who love spending their free time at home.

·        One of the great things about television is that it offers inexpensive entertainment

·        Most film songs and films will run on television from time to time. 

Sports  

·        Watching cricket, football or tennis is fun.

·        Some people also prefer swimming during summer.

·        Indians love sports and that is the key reason they will stay glued to their television screen and listen attentively to the commentary on the radio.

Sculpture 

 

·        Sculptures are a popular form of art in India

·        It is the key reason people will visit art galleries in large numbers.

·        Wealthy individuals also buy these items.  

 

3.      User generated content

 

·        User-generated content (UGC), alternatively known as user-created content (UCC), is any form of content, such as images, videos, text, and audio.

·        It has been posted by users on online platforms such as social media and wikis.

·        User-generated content is used for a wide range of applications, including news, entertainment, advertising, gossip and research.

·        It is an example of the democratization of content production and the flattening of traditional media hierarchies.

·        The Internet is an easy platform to create and dispense user-generated content, allowing the dissemination of information at a rapid pace in the wake of an event

·        It is published by unpaid contributors.

·        UGC can be content of any type, including blogs, website pages, images, social media posts, and testimonials. 

 

4.      Gaming – pros and cons

 

Pros	Cons
Many games can be very socialiable	Many games are aimed for single player
Playing games with mates or online with other people	Isolating a person from family and friends for many hours
Games can be intellectual where you use clever strategy to beat other people.	They can take lot of hours, that time could be spent doing something more productive
Games can be educational such as simulations (imitation) of flight or real-life situations	Constant use of thumbs, wrist and eyes can lead to problems such as eye strain, and other physical problems
Improved eye-hand co-ordination for playing those fast action games	Games do not need much physical activity and so could be criticized for making you unfit
Improved reaction times and quick thinking as a result of playing challenging games	The hardware and software together are quite expensive

 

 5.      Influence of television talk shows in Tamil Nadu 

·        A talk show or chat show is a television programming or radio programming genre structured around the act of spontaneous conversation.

·        In a talk show, one person (or group of people or guests) discusses various topics put forth by a talk show host.

·        This discussion can be in the form of an interview or a simple conversation

·        The personality of the host shapes the tone of the show, which also defines the "trademark" of the show.

·        Talk shows include the participants calling in, sitting in a studio or viewing from online or on TV.

·        Talk shows center on the interaction of guests with opposing opinions which include both experts and non-experts.

·        The purpose of talk shows is to either address or bring awareness to conflicts, to provide information, or to entertain.

·        Talk shows focus on important issues in society, politics, religion or other popular areas.

·        Talk shows are produced at low costs and are not aired during prime time.

·        Talk shows are either recorded or live.

·        Doctor doctor, vanakkam tamizha, neeyaa naanaa are some of the talk shows in tamil

 

6.      Influence of reality shows 

·        Reality television is a genre of television programming that documents unscripted real-life situations, often starring unknown individuals rather than professional actors. 

·        A jackpot to make viewers glued to their sets unaware of time or the sensibility of what they are viewing.

·        Kaun Banega Crorepati involving household characters, the girl next door or anyone to whom you can relate the common audience.

·        The success of these shows lie in the simple creative formula of creating real life situations.

·        People were happy to get a view into other peoples lives, Into their household, their privacy.

·        When these shows succeeded in getting TRPs their concepts became weirder and wilder! Use of abusive language and vulgarity dominated these shows.

·        The impact of such scenes on the younger generation is a social concern.

·        Indian cultures are eroding. What is happening in the society is only being depicted in the visuals.

·        Jobs in MNCs, easy access to money, night clubs, discos - westernization is welcomed with open arms.

·        Teenage affairs, live-in relationships, break-ups, extensive use of drugs and alcohol consumption. These are all pointing to the low morale of the younger generation.

·        Koffee with DD, Jodi number one, Super singer are some of the reality shows in Tamil 

 

7.      Mass audience and its characteristics 

·        The term mass media audience is identified by the choice of media made by the audience

·        Mass audience - a very large number of people who watch TV, listening to radio, reading magazine and newspaper

·        The Mass audience is large, heterogeneous and anonymous in nature.

·        Large here would mean a big audience or people who are many in number

·        Heterogeneous means the audience includes different types of people

·        Anonymous would mean that the audience is nameless and unspecified

·        The receivers are scattered across a given village, state or country.

·        The receiver decodes the encoded content based on his or her psycho-social and cultural background, taste and capacity of interpretation

·        Mass audience represents almost all segments of the society.

·        The Specialized Audience refers to the special interest groups in the society.

·        The Interactive Audience consists of those who have control over the communication process in a society. They may be newspapers journalists or Radio or TV broadcasters

·        The mass audience represents the dominant majority in a society. They are average people 

 

8.      Cultural effects of television in India 

·        As the penetration of cable and satellite television channels increased in India, there was voice from different corners to regulate the content of television as it posed a threat to local culture.

·        The influence of western culture can be traced from the attitudes and behaviour of young adults.

·        This varies in food habits. Dress, makeup, etc.

·        TV has contributed to the culture in the form of beauty contests constituting national pride, middle class girls coming in to the profession as VJ‘s modeling being considered respectable.

·        Television commercials play role in consumer behaviour and also their culture.

·        This can be seen from the college student‘s attraction towards cell phones, apparels and food items, such as burgers and pizza.

·        Soap operas, movies and reality shows made the youth increasingly aware of fashion and trends.

·        There are increased contents of premarital affairs in Indian Television programmmes.

·        Heavy viewing of foreign television programmes leads to the acceptance of western culture.

9.      Characteristics of Indian society 

1. The Merging of Tradition with Modernism

 

• Dance and music: Indo-western fusion has been a popular theme in performing arts.

• Gyms might have become an important part of the Indian lifestyle, but yoga has also attained a celebrity status.

• Nuclear families have become common, but children still live with and take care of parents in their old age.

2. Dynamic 

·        Our society promotes accommodation as well as adaptation.

·        Over the years, multiple tribes have lost their own culture due to adaptation into the major population of Indian society.

·        The society is dynamic as it is changing every day.

3. Unity in Diversity

• Inter-state migration
• Mutual celebration of religious festivals despite religious differences
• Mixed culture in metros

4. Patriarchy 

·        Patriarchy is a family system within which the supreme decision-making power rests with the male head/members of the family.

·        This system is degrading to women.

·        Gender discrimination is a universal curb for women.

5. The Society Is Largely Agrarian And Rural 

·        For more than half of the population of India, agriculture remains the sole source of livelihood.

·        An estimated 70% of our population lives in rural territories.

·        Agrarian festivals celebrate the harvest of the crops, and are celebrated in the form of holi, lohri, pongal, onam, sankrant, etc. 

6. Class and Caste Divide 

·        The modern caste system is the result of the age-old varna system

·        In urban areas people are categorized based on class (such as income) rather than their social identity.

·        The divide is evident in the economic structures such as poverty, education, income, asset ownership, trades and professions etc.

7. Tolerance and Mutual Respect 

·        The Indian society has survived in the face of diversity with the values of tolerance and mutual respect.

·        The co-existence of various philosophies including atheistic, religious and materialistic, symbolizes the society that must have existed in those times.

·        During the medieval period, the repeated invasions and trade led to fusion of multiple cultures.

 

10. Media mixed marketing 

·        Media mix is the combination of communication channels a business can use to meet its marketing objectives.

·        These include newspapers, radio, television, billboards, websites, email, direct mail, the Internet and social media, such as Facebook or Twitter.

·        Combining these channels in a media mix enables to communicate in the most effective way with different types of customers.

·        An effective media mix delivers the right marketing message to the customers at the lowest cost with minimal waste.

·        To reach a consumer audience across the country, use a media mix that includes national newspapers, radio or television.

·        When customers are looking for information, they may read publications covering their interests, search websites, visit trade shows or check product review sites.

·        The emphasis in media mix would be on raising awareness through advertisements, press releases, product pages on website, comments on social media, etc.

·        Media mix is more effective when the components work together and communicate consistent messages each time

·        Analytical tools are available to assess media mix and improve the results to achieve.

·        These tools identify the strengths & weaknesses of marketing programs and media mix.

11. New media

 

·        New media are forms of media that are computational and rely on computers for redistribution.

·        Some examples of new media are computer animations, computer games, websites, and virtual worlds, etc.

·        New media does not include analog broadcast television programs, feature films, magazines, or books.

·        Wikipedia, an online encyclopedia, is a good example of new media, combining Internet accessible digital text, images and video with web-links

·        Social media or social networking services, such as Facebook and Twitter, are another example of new media in which most users are also participants. 

Characteristics of new media 

Digital

 

·        The vast majority of information is converted, stored and transmitted as binary code.

·        Digitalization what allows so much information to be stored in compact hard disks or memory cards

·        It is also what allows for the near instantaneous transmission of information via cable and satellite.

·        Digitalization has also resulted in ‘technological convergence’, or the convergence of different forms of information such as text, audio and visual into one single ‘system’

 

Interactivity

 

·        New Media is of a two way form of communication. 

·        Increased interactivity can be seen in simple acts such as liking a Facebook post or blog.

·        Some users get much more involved and create their own blogs and videos and actively upload their own content.

·        New Media encouraged participatory culture

 

Hypertextual 

·        Hypertext, or ‘links’ which allows users to navigate the different sources of information available to them.

·        Links in web sites offer non-sequential connections between all kinds of data facilitated by the computer.

Global Networks 

·        Digital Media has also facilitated to interact globally and via virtual networks.

·        These networks allow us to access resources much more easily.

 

Virtual Worlds 

·        New Media reality is virtual reality.

·        Social media sites give users the opportunity to present themselves. 

 

12. Advantages and disadvantages of WhatsApp

 

Advantages of using WhatsApp 

·        Used to chat with people in the contact list

·        It automatically imports the contacts from phone and it tells how many friends are using WhatsApp.

·        WhatsApp is easy to use, and cheap

·        It helps to block the users that you don’t want to see your profile picture or someone who you don’t wish to have a conversation with them

·        If you have internet access and you do not have balance in your mobile to make a call, you can use WhatsApp to send the text or to chat

·     Whatsapp carries a series of pre-defined messages that you can just tap to send them instantly

·        Whatsapp messenger transmits text and photo messages via the user’s Internet data plan

·     Whatsapp has a high quality of communication, and it has high speed to contact your family and friends.

 

Disadvantages of WhatsApp 

·        You need an internet connection to send and receive the messages for free

·        The messages are not sent to the phone inbox

·        Your profile picture is visible to every person having your contact number and using this app.

·        You can chat only the friends who have smart phones

·        Anyone can get easy access to your details such a profile picture and status

·        Whatsapp requires a regular update

·        Some data transfer becomes a huge problem if it has more memory 

 

13. Advantages and disadvantages of face book 

Advantages of Facebook 

·        Facebook reach more than a billion users

·        It has good privacy setting as you can start a video call

·        We can upload the photos and the videos without charge.

·        Facebook helps you connect & share with friends and relatives

·        You can make new friends on Facebook from the different areas of the world

·        It helps you learn more about the culture, the values, and the traditions of the other countries in the world

·        Many people especially the students use Facebook chat for group discussions, while some businesses use it for short meetings

·        It is used to sell a product or promote the products or the services

·        It is also used to increase your brand value

·        Facebook Ads and Fans page are used to advertise your business

·        Facebook provides many gaming and Facebook apps that you can use and enjoy such as photo editing, the horoscope, etc

·        It allows you to send and receive an email with users both within and outside of the site.

·        Facebook is a source of information and news, it is one of the best sources to stay updated with the latest news & updates

 

Disadvantages of Facebook

·        If you use Facebook for online banking, the social networking or other services, you may risk a theft to your personal information such as name, address, credit card number, etc

·        Facebook users are often suffering from the virus attacks on their systems

·        The obsecene visuals is the biggest disadvantage of Facebook

·        Many hackers have similar websites to Facebook, They continuously send the emails to the people asking to log in to their account to check new photos of Facebook Scam

·        Facebook is vulnerable to the attacks, Several hackers actively alter people’s profile information.

·        Many people use Facebook day and night without thinking how much time they have wasted on it

·        On Facebook, your personal life updates come to the notice of all your friends and others and so your privacy is compromised. 

 

14. Advantages and disadvantages of Instagram

 

Advantages of Instagram

 

·        Instagram is one of the most popular platforms today that allows online photo sharing and social networking.

·        It is a fast, beautiful and fun way to share our life with friends and family

·        It increases the artistic ability by taking the pictures

·        It improves the communication with people

·        Friend lists get increased, the professional network also increases

·        We can also advertise our own products

·        The post of images will remain forever as long as the user did not remove it from the account of Instagram

·        Instagram offers a lot of effects

·        The best features of Instagram is the high visibility of a post

 

Disadvantages of Instagram

 

·        The photos can be manipulated using some effect so that the image uploaded can attract the buyer to buy the product.

·        Instagram enables the user to adjust the image size and enhance the quality of photos by using several filters

·        Instagram is only available in iPhone and Android app

·        It is not available in Windows Mobile, BlackBerry, or Linux

·        Instagram has limited features

·        The copyright of the photos that posted will be easily lost 

 

15. Advantages and disadvantages of twitter

 

Twitter advantages

 

·        We can connect with many famous people like the stars and celebrity by using Twitter

·        It is one of the best ways to stay connected with the family and friends.

·        It is free and also free for the advertisements

·        Twitter is fast, it reaches the followers immediately

·        You can use Twitter to help the followers know about your new business, product, service, website, blog, eBook

·        You can tweet or re-tweet, You can mark favorite, you can send the tweets by mentioning the specific people

·        Twitter is very easy to use, you can follow the people to get the news and updates

·        You can use Twitter on your smartphones, Twitter apps

 

Twitter disadvantages

 

·        Twitter has limited message size, it has 140 characters per post

·        We can’t upload the videos on Twitter, you can only add the links of different sites

·        It is not more effective for the visual content, it is mostly text based

·        It’s not more effective like other photo and video sharing sites

·        Twitter also faces the overloading problem means due to the large numbers of users and it gets crashed

·        The main disadvantage of Twitter is its addiction

·        It will waste our time

·        There are many inactive and fake Twitter accounts. They are made to cheat and harass someone 

 

16. What are the uses of entertainment? 

·        Entertainment is a form of activity that holds the attention and interest of an audience, or gives pleasure and delight. 

·        Movies and music are great forms of entertainment. They allow us to relax and escape from the concerns and worries of day to day activities.

·        Artistic skills are a great form of entertainment, but also encourages others to pursue studies in fine arts.

·        Entertainment brings people together by telling stories.

·        All forms of media and entertainment are created to tell a story.

·        It makes us cry, laugh, mad, guilty- it evokes every feeling and inspires us.

·        The entertainment industry is one of the largest employers. From the street magician to the galaxy of stars we see on TV.

·        Lot of human culture is modeled around entertainment.

·        Entertainment is one of the top industries that focus on promoting talent and creativity. 

 

17. Significance of online radio

 

·        Online radio also called web radio, net radio, streaming radio, e-radio, online radio is a digital audio service transmitted via the Internet.

·        Broadcasting on the Internet is usually referred to as webcasting 

·        It can either be running through the internet, or as a software running through a single computer.

·        Internet radio is generally used to communicate and easily spread messages through the form of talk.

·        It is distributed through a wireless communication network.

·        Internet radio involves streaming media, presenting listeners with a continuous stream of audio that typically cannot be paused or replayed

·        Internet radio is also distinct from podcasting, which involves downloading rather than streaming.

·        Internet radio services offer news, sports, talk, and various genres of music

·        Internet radio services are usually accessible from anywhere in the world with a suitable internet connection available

·        You can download the app or listen on a desktop by going to RADIO.COM, on mobile by using the RADIO.COM app 

 

18. Does the smart phone help to improve one’s quality of life?

 

·        Walking home, alone, at night, through a bad part of town is not dangerous. Personal safety apps like bSafe have additional features, such as a "Follow Me" live GPS and an automatic alarm that triggers if you fail to check in at a specified time.

·        Smartphone contains a Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) accelerometer that accurately detect earthquakes

·        A company called eyeNETRA has invented the NetraG, a smartphone attachment, can accurately measure farsightedness, nearsightedness, age-related blurriness, and pupillary distance.

·        Apps like Doctor on Demand bring qualified doctors right to your smartphone screen.

·        Smartphones are everywhere, and that's a good thing in an emergency. Authorities can tap into the network to issue alerts, such as severe weather alerts or kidnapping.

·        Smartphones are actually changing the way our brains work. Constant access to databases and search engines have changed the way our memory works.

·        There are apps for everything: Managing illnesses, addressing learning disabilities, teaching sign language, even finding accessible restaurants, hotels, and attractions in your city.

·        For the cost of a few static textbooks, students can get an entire internet's worth of dynamic information in a mobile device.

·        Using smart phone checking email, scheduling appointments, grocery shopping, texting to friends and relatives, and checking the weather all in one place save time

19. Information Technology Act 

·        The Act provides a legal framework for electronic governance by giving recognition to electronic records and digital signatures.

·        It also defines cyber crimes and prescribes penalties for them.

·        It is the primary law in India dealing with cybercrime and electronic commerce.

·        The laws apply to the whole of India.

·        If a crime involves a computer or network located in India, persons of other nationalities can also be indicted under the law.

·        A major amendment was introduced in Section 66A which penalized sending "offensive messages".

·        It also introduced provisions addressing - pornography, cyber terrorism and voyeurism.

Salient Features of I.T Act

·        Digital signature has been replaced with electronic signature.

·        It elaborates on offenses, penalties, and breaches.

·        It outlines the Justice Dispensation (exemption) Systems for cyber-crimes.

·        It defines cyber café which offers internet to public

·        It provides for the constitution of the Cyber Regulations Advisory Committee.

·        It is based on The Indian Penal Code, The Indian Evidence Act, The Bankers' Books Evidence Act, and The Reserve Bank of India Act, etc.

 

20. Dramatic theory 

·        Dramatic theory is a term used for works that attempt to form theories about theatre and drama.

·        Examples of ancient dramatic theory include Aristotle's Poetics and Bharata Muni's Natyasastra from ancient India. 

Aristotle’s Poetics 

·        Aristotle's Poetics is the earliest surviving work of dramatic theory

·        Aristotle divides the art of poetry into verse drama (comedy, tragedy), lyric poetry, and epic.

The genres all share the function of imitation of life, but differ in three ways that Aristotle describes:

1.    Differences in music rhythm, harmony, and melody.

2.    Difference of goodness in the characters.

3.    Difference in how the narrative is presented: telling a story or acting it out.

Natya Sastra

 

·        The Natya Sastra is a performing arts.

·        The text is attributed to sage Bharata Muni

·        The subjects include dramatic composition, structure of a play and the construction of a stage to host it, genres of acting, and body movements

·        It also includes make up and costumes, role and goals of an art director, the musical scales, musical instruments and the integration of music with art performance.

·        It is also notable for its aesthetic "Rasa" theory 

 

21. Narrative theory 

·        Narrative theory was developed by Walter Fisher

·        Narrative theory is based on the concept that people are essentially storytellers.

·        Storytelling is one of the oldest and most universal forms of communication and so individuals approach their social world in a narrative mode

·        Fishers describes two universal paradigms: the rational world paradigm, and the narrative paradigm 

Rational world paradigm 

·        People are essentially rational

·        People make decisions based on arguments

·        The communicative situation determines the course of our argument

·        Rationality is determined by how much we know and how well we argue

·        The world is a set of logical puzzled that we can solve through rational analysis 

Narrative paradigm 

·        People are essentially storytellers

·        People make decisions based on good reasons

·        History, biography, culture and character determine what we consider good reasons

·        Narrative rationality is determined by the logic and reliability of our stories

·        The world is a set of stories from which we choose, and constantly re-create our lives 

 

22. Television news Vs newspaper news 

TV news 

          ·        TV news is more entertaining

·        TV news is a lot more effective.

·        The delivery of news on TV is a lot faster.

·        Watching the news on TV is a lot easier for people to understand and is more convenient than reading it on paper.

·        For the people who are always in a rush in the morning, it’s more convenient to turn on the TV and listen to what’s going on rather than trying to read a paper

·        For the people who don’t know how to read the TV is a better source of finding out the news.

·        It doesn’t require any thinking or straining the eyes trying to read.

·        It may actually be seen as very much relaxing.

·        The news casts are always bubbly and energetic while broadcasting which receives a positive perspective from the viewers which gives them higher ratings and more airtimes.

·        When we watch the news on TV we get a better visual image of what’s going on.

·        They show actual photos and footage of the story which produces emotion to the audience.

·        News on TV also focuses on all stories, tells us everything that going on whether it’s a big issue or a small one, and gives a great amount of details

·        TV offers more options of news. Because there are many channels for options on news.

 

Newspaper news

·        Newspapers requires more thinking

·        It has very good sentence structure that may be hard to understand sometimes with the extensive vocabulary words.

·        Newspapers are straight up boring.

·        These stories are printed out on grayish colored paper and the photos have limited color to them.

·        A newspaper only shows maybe 1 or 2 photos per story.

·        The newspaper doesn’t issue out new news until the following morning.

·        The newspaper only focuses on certain events.

·        The newspaper is published by one publication.

·        Newspaper are portable and has no time limited 

 

23. Internet is the new form of entertainment 

·        Internet is an effective means of entertainment because we can download pictures, songs and videos

·        We can chat and communicate with other people.

·        Interesting information can find on the net.

·        Anyone can easily find real funny stories, jokes, poems or entire magazines for free.

·        One can also download pictures of friends, popular actors or favorite singers.

·        People with similar interests can share information with one another through electronic mail

·        Provide chat rooms, instant messaging and mailing lists that can connect groups of users to discuss a topic, share ideas and get to know each other.

·        The most entertaining thing is play on-line network games.

·        Playing network games is that you can play against another “intelligence” instead of the computer.

·        Internet allowed more people to create entertainment and art for others to enjoy.

·        People get to experience improved communication with one another through enhanced video chat options 

·        One of the best benefits of using the internet for entertainment is definitely the low price.

·        Web-based streaming services like Netflix and Amazon Prime Video provide the flexibility to watch on any Wi-Fi enabled device 

 

24. Social media entertainment 

·        Nearly, 88% of respondents view social networking sites like Twitter and Facebook as a new form of entertainment.

·        Social networking and listening to music top the activities  of this generation

·        It enables consumers to multitask during their entertainment experiences by connecting with others and sharing their opinions.”

·        Social networking is in its own right a reality show made for the web.

·        Rather than seeing films and TV programs, people utilize the net as their source of entertainment.

·        The majority of individuals log into their networking accounts that are social also to be amused

·        Entertainment and communication go hand in hand now.

·        Along with the options for games and all these apps look unlimited.

·        There are various types of games to entertain men, women and children.

·        Social websites have turned into a point of supply various programmers, brands, tv programs, etc., when it comes to supplying entertainment.

·        Google + and Facebook are omnipresent as a target.

·        Social media sites, like Instagram, are currently competing to offer superior entertainment. 

 

25. Impact of internet on marketing

 

·        Online marketing or internet marketing is the process of promoting a business or brand and its products or services over the internet.

·        Internet marketing includes a range of marketing tactics and strategies – including content, email, search, paid media, and more.

Channels of Internet marketing

·        Search engine optimization (SEO) technique is used to improve the visibility of business websites and brand-related content.

·        Search engine marketing (SEM), also known as PPC advertising, involves the purchase of ad space in prominent, visible positions in websites.

·        Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and YouTube are listed as the top platforms currently used for social media marketing.

·        Content marketing is an approach to marketing that focuses on gaining and retaining customers by offering helpful content to customers that improves the buying experience and creates brand awareness. 

·        Display advertising - online display advertising deals with showcasing promotional messages or ideas to the consumer on the internet. This includes advertising blogs, networks, ads on search engines, etc

·        Email marketing is considered cheap; it is also a way to rapidly communicate ad message through email

·        In-Game advertising is defined as the "inclusion of products or brands within a digital game. 

 

26. Benefits of social media marketing

·         Allows companies to promote themselves to large, diverse audiences that could not be reached through traditional marketing such as phone and email based advertising.

·         Marketing on most social media platforms comes at little to no cost.

·         Accommodates personalized and direct marketing that targets specific demographics and markets.

·         Companies can engage with customers directly, allowing them to obtain feedback and resolve issues immediately.

·         Ideal environment for a company to conduct market research.

·         Can be used as a means of obtaining information about competitors and boost competitive advantage.

·         Social platforms can be used to promote brand events, deals, and news. 

 

27. Online games

 

·        An online game is a video game that is played through the Internet

·        Online games are present on PCs, consoles and mobile devices

·        And span many genres, including first-person shooters, strategy games and massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPG).

·        Online games has been operating them as games as a service

·        Some online games require special servers in order to function.

·        The design of online games can range from simple text-based environments to the incorporation of complex graphics and virtual worlds.

·        In online games a player can directly playing against other players.

·        Online games can be single user and multiplayer games

·        Many online games create their own online communities

·        Online gaming has drastically increased the scope and size of video game culture.

·        Online games have attracted players from a variety of ages, nationalities, and occupations.

·        The culture of online gaming sometimes faces criticisms for an environment that can promote cyber bullying, and violence.

·        Some are also concerned about gaming addiction  

 

28. Infotainment

 

·        Infotainment is a type of media that tries to combine educational or useful information and entertaining content.

·        Online contests, polls and infographics are considered forms of infotainment found on the Web.

·        Infotainment aims to make learning simpler and easier.

·        Infotainment was initially conceived on television with an entertainment element such as background music, visual effects, humor, action or human interest content.

·        Infotainment may also be used by professionals and business workers in business presentations and videos to make them more fun for the audience.

·        Infotainment is used to inform, educate and entertain the audience

·        It also used to persuade the customer, to launch the new product in the market and to present news in an entertaining way

·        Infotainment television contains computer animated logos and eye catching visuals.

·        Infotainment provides stories for its consumers

·        Examples of infotainments media are newspaper, television, internet, etc

·        Infotainment focuses attention on major issues in a format people will watch

·        It connects us with one another 

 

29. Impact of soap operas on television viewers 

·        India's first soap opera was Hum Log (Hindi)

·        Indian soap operas are soap operas or serials written, produced and filmed in India

·        A soap opera is a kind of sandwich between thick slices of advertising, spread twelve minutes of dialogue, add pickle, villainy, and female suffering in equal measure, shower with tears, season with organ music, and serve five times a week.

·        This serial demonstrates physical affection between persons.

·        Intimate scenes are becoming more common to the soaps now

·        People of all income levels and of all educational backgrounds watch the soaps. 

·        The soaps stimulate curiosity and interest about other people's lives and problems that let the viewer forget his/her own troubles.

·        The soap opera is a television genre made for entertainment

·        Children and teenagers spend a lot of hours in front of the television watching those programs

·        It has a negative effect on society because people copy the behaviors that could be violent. 

·        Successful soaps tend to be smartly written with plot twists and love triangles, including domestic violence against women.

·        In the best-case scenario, the show becomes popular, and viewers begin to incorporate some of the themes into their lives. 

 

30. How do private channels give importance to entertainment programs? 

·        Indian Private Channels cater to the multiplying demand for entertainment of the Indian audience.

·        It must be focused that private television entertainment in India is one of the cheapest in the world

·        Presently, Indian television is on an uproar with private television channels.

·        Sun TV was the first private channel in South India and it has around 20 television channels in Malayalam, Kannada, Tamil and Telugu.

·        The content distributed by many private channels includes music videos, movies, and other entertainment programs for the entire family.

·        Foreign privatised channels like CNN, Star TV and domestic channels, such as, Zee TV and Sun TV started satellite broadcasts.

·        Large market, easy accessibility of relevant technology and a variety of programmes are the main reasons for rapid expansion of Television in India.

·        Zee TV was the first private owned Indian channel to broadcast over private television.

·        After few years, channels like CNN, Discovery Channel and National Geographic Channel made its entry in India.

·        Music channels had a great popularity in India, since its inception.

·        Movie based channels; and soaps started dominating Indian private channels.

·        Now a days the reality shows and talk shows have earned more popularity amongst all other programmes on the Indian private channels on television.

 

31. News channels in India

 

·        Most news channels in India are owned by politicians

·        Private channel always does twisting of facts to their perspective to get ratings.

·        Some channels are biased

·        Some channels get very less support from the media industry.

·        All private media channels are not independent

·        In India, we need political support to run the media

·        The rise of hundreds of 24-hours news channels has brought with it intense competition for grabbing viewership

·        English news channels have a limited number of viewers

·        This has led to a drastic fall in standards, from the expected in-depth works of journalism to more sensationalization of the news in order to grab the highest TRP ratings.

·        This has not only led to falling of standards, no follow up on stories and non-issues becoming news

·        The news channels decide which news is important to viewers

·        News channels are not covering the basic problems of the society

32. Define media culture and society

 

Media

 

·        Media is the communication tool used to store and deliver information or data.

·        It includes print media, the news media, photography, cinema, broadcasting (radio and television), and advertising.

·        Media does the functions of inform, instruct, educate as well as entertainment.

·        We are informed about what is happening around us or in the world by media.

 

Culture

 

·        Culture includes the social behavior and norms found in human societies

·        It also includes the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, and habits of the individuals in these groups.

·        Humans acquire culture through the learning processes of socialization, which is shown by the diversity of cultures across societies.

·        A cultural norm codifies acceptable conduct in society; it serves as a guideline for behavior, dress, and language in a situation

 

Society

 

·        A society is a group of individuals involved in constant social interaction

·        It is a large social group sharing the same spatial or social territory

·        Societies are characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals

·        These patterns of behavior within a given society are known as societal norms.

·        Societies, and their norms, undergo gradual changes.  

 

33. Why are audience perceptions and satisfactions important for marketing? 

Importance of audience perception 

·         The customer perception is built around the experience that a customer has with a product. 

·         When customers had a pleasant experience of getting their products delivered on time they form a perception.

·         Getting the products that were as described in the product description also creates a positive customer perception.

·         When customers experienced a great after-sale service it is going to develop a positive opinion about the brand.

·         But when customers had a bad experience such as broken products, no returns, no after-sales service, etc. the customers build a negative perception about the brand. 

Importance of audience satisfaction

 

·         It’s a leading indicator of consumer repurchase intentions and loyalty

·         It’s a point of differentiation in a competitive market place

·         It increases customer lifetime value

·         It reduces negative word of mouth

·         It’s cheaper to retain customers 

 

34. Game formats / types of games 

·         Video game – any game that includes a digital user interface as a primary element including 2D, 3D and virtual reality interface

·         Virtual reality – a fully digital game that offers an immersive sensory experience that feels close to real.

·         Massively multiplayer online – an online game that allows a large number of players to interact, cooperate and compete in a persistent virtual world

·         Role playing game – a game where you play the role of characters to develop a narrative

·         Simulation – games that simulate real world activities such as life, sports, or development of things ranging from civilizations to farms

·         Strategy – games that require strategic thinking and execution to win

·         Tactics – games that are focused on the immediate situation in a game as opposed to strategy that requires long term thinking

·         Adventure – a game of exploration whereby players assume the role of protagonist in a narrative. It is often have challenges based on puzzles, strategy or action sequences.

·         Action – video games that constantly challenge a player’s hand-eye coordination, reaction-time and spatial reasoning at speed.

·         Puzzles – puzzles that challenge mental abilities in areas such as spatial reasoning, logic and knowledge

·         Mystery – the solving of mysteries given clues

·         Interactive fiction – storytelling that allows participants to change the course of the narrative. This can include books, media and films that allow the audience to participate.

 

35. Positive and negative characters of mass media 

Advantages (positive) 

·        It educates people. Through television and radio programs, people get to learn about health matters, environmental conservation, and much more.

·        People get the latest news in a very short time.

·        People get to bring out their hidden talents through media such as comedy, acting and singing.

·        Children can learn from quiz programs, animal programs, etc to improve their knowledge.

·        Radio is convenient as people do get short news and with a mobile phone one can access it.

·        Great in promoting mass consumer products through advertisement.

·        People get entertained through music and television programs.

·        Television allows electronic duplication of information.

·        Media leads to diffusion of different cultures. Media showcases different cultural practices.

·        It helps people around the world to understand each other.

Disadvantages (Negative) 

·        People spend too much time on the internet and watching television. As a result, socialization with friends, family and neighbors is affected.

·        Some media contents are not suitable for children. Limiting children’s access to such content can be difficult.

·        Newspaper is geographically selective.

·        Increase in advertisements in television and radio is making them less attractive.

·        Internet as a form of media opens up possibilities of fraud and hacking.

·        Media can be addictive. This can lead to decrease in people’s productivity.

·        Prolonged watching of television can lead to eyesight problems and radio listening using earphones exposes one to possible hearing defects.

·        It glamorize drugs and alcohol.

·        It can lead to personal injury. Some people decide to follow the stunts that are showcased in the media.

·        It can lead to ruin of reputation. 

 

36. Factual entertainment 

·         Factual television is a genre of non-fiction television programming that documents actual events and people.

·         These types of programs are also described as documentary, fly on the wall, docudrama, and reality television.

 

Documentary

·         It is a genre of television programming that broadcasts documentaries.

• A documentary television series, sometimes called a docuseries, that is presented in a number of episodes.
• A documentary  is made especially for television stations or for specialty documentary channels, or news channels, or in movie theaters. 

Fly-on-the-wall

 

·         Fly-on-the-wall is a style of documentary-making used in film and television production.

·         The name derived from the idea that events are seen candidly, as a fly on a wall might see them.

·         It is also common for participants to be interviewed, often by an off-camera voice. 

Docudrama

 

·         A docudrama (or documentary drama) is a genre of radio and television programming, feature film, and staged theatre, which features dramatized re-enactments of actual events.

·         Dialogue may include the actual words of real-life people, as recorded in historical documents.

·         Docudrama producers sometimes choose to film their reconstructed events in the actual locations in which the historical events occurred.

·         It is entirely fictionalized action taking place in historical settings or against the backdrop of historical events. 

Reality television

 

·         Reality television is a genre of television programming that documents purportedly unscripted real-life situations, often starring unknown individuals rather than professional actors.

·         Competition-based reality shows typically feature gradual elimination of participants, either by a panel of judges or by the viewership of the show.

·         Reality television show including hidden camera shows, talent-search shows, documentary series about ordinary people, game shows, home improvement shows, etc. 

 

37. Pros and cons of 24/7 news channels

Pros 

·         It gives various news items throughout a day

·         Keeping people informed is now a 24-hour-a-day, 7-day-a-week commitment

·         Properly crafted, targeted and creatively packaged news will gain media attention.

·         Media outlets, they can turn out news stories incredibly fast.

·         It is a real turn-on for political news.

·         News reporting has greatly changed with the arrival of digital communication.

·         Minor updates during standard business hours could become big news if shared during off-hours.

Cons

·         One of the major disadvantages of a 24-hour news cycle is that the same issues and stories are done, redone and redone again.

·         It can become nothing more than tiresome background noise

·         Many ads are exposed during news casting

·         News bureaus are typically staffed with a single news editor who works with stringers, contractors and freelancers as needed.

·         When new information, story ideas or breaking news tips aren’t available, the media is forced to share the same news it has already written

·         The disappointing reality is that the media broadcast news without something useful, cool, creative and newsworthy.

 

38. Boon and bane of social media

 

Social media provides many advantages for individuals and society:

·        You can improve and enhance your skills by sharing your ideas, knowledge and information with millions of people even if they are miles away from you.

·        You can keep in touch with your friends at all times from any corner of the world and can find anyone if you lose contact.

·        Educational institutes, teachers and professors can extend their classroom discussions and post assignments, quizzes and tests and assist students with homework.

·        Social media gives teens with unusual interest and hobbies a place to share information and passion.

·        Social media marketing is an excellent tool that businesses are using to get exposure at a much lower cost than any other means of traditional marketing.

·        Social platforms such as Twitter and Facebook help in attracting new customers and makes their brand popular.

 

Negative Side

·        People use their social profiles to project their lives as “perfect”, and people increasingly compare their lives with others and think of themselves as low.

·        Privacy is a major drawback of social media platforms and their increased use.

·        People are becoming so addicted to social media that they are spending most of their time on it instead of doing any other productive or significant work.

·        Health is getting badly affected as many people spend all day in front of their computers or on their mobiles phones.

·        There are no reliable measures to check the credibility of the news and videos present on social media.

·        Also known as cyberbullying, it’s the biggest danger for people and affects them badly, especially teenagers.

·        Anyone who gets trolled over social media or is harassed easily get into depression. 

 

39. Different media effects theory

Agenda-Setting Theory

·        Agenda-setting theory of media stated that mass media determine the issues that concern the public rather than the public’s views.

·        The media is determining what issues and stories the public thinks about.

·        When the media fails to address a particular issue, it becomes marginalized in the minds of the public.

Uses and Gratifications Theory

·        This theory study the ways the public consumes media.

·        This theory states that consumers use the media to satisfy specific needs or desires.

·        For example, you may enjoy watching a show like Dancing With the Stars while simultaneously tweeting about it on Twitter with your friends.

·        Many people use the Internet to seek out entertainment, to find information, to communicate with like-minded individuals, or to pursue self-expression. 

Hypodermic needle theory

The media (magic gun) fired the message directly into audience head without their own knowledge. The message cause the instant reaction from the audience mind without any hesitation is called “Magic Bullet Theory”. The media (needle) injects the message into audience mind and it cause changes in audience behavior and psyche towards the message. Audience are passive and they can’t resist the media message is called “Hypodermic Needle Theory”.

Both theories are deals with impact of media messages in audience mind and how audience react towards the message without any hesitation.

Example :

In 1930, Newly formed mercury theater and Orson Wells join together and created a fake news bulletin about aliens invasion in american city called Grover’s Mill, New jersey. They broadcast this news bulletin in between the radio program called “The War of the Worlds”. The “Panic Broadcast” was reached merely 12 million American people and one million were seriously believed. Due to this broadcast the whole country was in chaos.

Symbolic Interactionism

·        Symbolic interactionism, states that the self is derived from and develops through human interaction.

·        This means the way you act toward someone or something is based on the meaning you have for a person or thing.

·        Ownership of luxury automobiles signifies membership in a certain socioeconomic class. 

Spiral of Silence 

·        The spiral of silence theory, which states that those who hold a minority opinion silence themselves to prevent social isolation

·        It explains the role of mass media in the formation and maintenance of dominant opinions.

·        Minority voices are reduced to a minimum and perceived popular opinion sides wholly with the majority opinion.

·        This theory is often used to explain the interaction between media and public opinion. 

Cultivation Analysis 

·        This theory states that heavy exposure to media causes individuals to develop an illusory perception of reality based on the most repetitive and consistent messages of a particular medium.

·        Under this theory, someone who watches television may form a picture of reality that does not correspond to actual life.

·        An individual who watches television may come to view the world as more violent and dangerous than it actually is. 

 

40. How do media regulations play vital role in media entertainment? 

·        Media regulations are rules enforced by the jurisdiction of law. 

·        Media regulation would include regulation of conduct, structure or content of media.

·        Regulation would prohibit libel and defamation, would set up provision regarding national security, obscenity, sedition promoted via the media

·        Media regulation would also help in protecting privacy laws, laws concerning intellectual property rights, violence or racial hatred, pornography etc.

·        Press regulation is also important in terms of moderating or supervising the credibility of the information that is published.

·        Regulation by its very nature sets limits to freedom

·        There have to be clear and convincing reasons for regulation.

·        It is important for the protection of public order and support for instruments of government and justice.

·        Regulation needs to the promotion of the efficiency and development of the communication system, by way of technical standardization, innovation, connectivity and universal provision.

·        And also for maintaining conditions for effective operation of free markets in media services 

 

41. Government control over media in India 

·        Media in India are self- regulated.

·        The government does not have control over the media except a few. 

Newspaper

·        Generally the government does not regulate newspapers and magazines. 

·        The Press Council of India is constituted by the parliament and regulates print media in India.

·        Its main objective is to maintain and improve the quality of newspaper and news agencies and to preserve the freedom of press.  

Television 

·        Doordarshan along with AIR is completely under government control working as department of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. 

·        All the private channels came together and insisted not to imply any law instead proposed the self created guidelines and assured the court to abide by it.  

Radio 

·        The radio broadcasting became free from government control

·        AIR also became an autonomous body without government control. 

Films

·        Film industry of India is completely free and independent.

·        The filmmakers are free to make the film as they want, but the distribution networks of films are controlled by the government. 

·        Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) is to regulate the public exhibition of films in theatre by giving certificates U, U/A, A, and S. 

OTT Platforms 

·        As OTT platforms are not regulated by any statutory body it enjoys ample amount of freedom and displays content with all sought of vulgarity.

·        But in the recent time OTT platforms like (Hotstar, Voot, Netflix, Amazon prime etc) have considered self regulation of online content through voluntary code specifically for language, violence and sex. 

 

42. Explain the term mass collaboration 

·        Mass collaboration is the ability of large numbers of people, who may have no preexisting connection, to effectively work against a common goal.

·        Social media are media for social interaction using highly accessible communication techniques.

·        Social media is the use of web-based and mobile technologies to turn communication into interactive dialogue.

·        An online discussion is certainly collaborative

·        Discussion structure in mass collaboration exists as a single body

·        Discussion act as a point of mediation between the individual collaborators

·        The components of this body can be linked back to the understandings and interpretations of a single author

·        People joined together through internet to help affected people during natural calamities 

 

43. Characteristics of games 

·        Characteristics of Games offer a new way to understand games.

·        It is a kind of entertainment for human being

·        It gives us physical and mental energy, and relax us from tension.

·        It is played during leisure time.

·        Different types of games are card games, board games, computer games, etc

·        Single player and multiplayer games are available in video game

·        All games have certain rules to play

·        Games include both indoor and outdoor

·        There is a reward at the end of each game

·        Now a day’s people can play from anywhere in the world through internet

·        Games are not only for entertainment but also for knowledge development 

 

44. Explain business entertainment 

·        Business entertainment is defined as any form of free or subsidized entertainment.

·        You can reclaim VAT on employee expenses and entertainment expenses

·        Business Entertainment means ordinary and usual business entertainment such as an occasional meal, ticket to a sporting event or theater, or comparable entertainment

·        It is neither so frequent nor so extensive

·        The person providing the Business Entertainment must accompany the recipient to any such function.

·        Organizations do this entertainment generally once in a year or based on project completion

·        Transport, food and staying arrangements are taken care by the organization

·        It is necessary for the employees to come out from work pressure. 

 

45. Challenges faced by Entertainment and media industry 

·        Building a strategy for revenue growth requires challenging current constructs and creativity.

·        Revenue from advertising is threatened by shifts in consumer behavior to subscription

·        As we think about the people that drive our business, we must rethink how we attract, retain, develop and organize talent in a dynamic, customer-centric business. 

·        To engage consumers in new experiences, we must not only focus on the creativity but the commitment to connect consumer through data and technology.

·        Media companies must look to prioritize and plan cyber security, protect their customers.

·        Media companies are battling for the best content to attract the audience

·        Increasing Competition among the media is the one of the biggest challenge

·        Handle financial and logistic aspects is difficult task

·        Step up the digital content – people are interested in receiving the content in different digital platform

·        Unless the content and broadcasting quality are good it is difficult to maximize Ad revenue 

 

46. Positive and negative emotions of audiences

·        From movies to emojis, from shocking television news to video games, emotions are of utmost importance for media production and consumption.

·        They guide the sensory perception and meaning-making of their users

·        Often, emotions are the main motivation for the use of media in the first place

·        Media emotions develop in freely chosen, safe situations (e.g. the cinema hall), which relieve the pressure of action and focus attention on the media texts.

·        Media direct and manipulate the representation and elicitation of emotions through narrative, rhetorical, audiovisual, or other means.

·        Many emotions in the media are not directed at the users’ own situation, but at the situation of observed actors.

·        Audience knowledge about certain genres, stars, or narratives use to reflect on the style of media texts.

·        Emotional content reach the television audience widely

·        Emotional content in film, make it success

·        Emotional heading in the newspaper makes the audience to read it.

·        All the media use emotional content 

 

47. Influence of television dance shows in India 

·        Dance show is one of the reality shows in television

·        Dance is an art where we match the rhythm of the song to the dance steps.

·        It provides a platform for all the dancers to showcase their talent.

·        This dance reality shows provide a platform for the older generation and also for the kids.

·        Dance Jodi Dance is Tamil-language dance competition reality television show broadcast on Zee Tamil 

·        Jodi Number One is a series reality dance show on the Indian STAR Vijay channel.

·        Dance shows generally have different levels

·        In each level there is an elimination in which the low mark team will be sent out of the competition

·        Panel of judges judge the event

·        The finale is conducted in the open setup

·        The event has theme based rounds

·        Costume and creative presentation of dance play vital role to win the competition 

 

48. The role of media during election

 

Media enabling full public participation in elections

 

§  By educating voters on how to exercise their democratic rights

§  By reporting on the development of an election campaign

§  By providing a platform for the political parties and candidates to communicate their message to the electorate

§  By providing a platform for the public to communicate their concerns, opinions, and needs, to the parties/candidates

§  By allowing the parties and candidates to debate with each other

§  By reporting results and monitoring vote counting

§  By scrutinizing the electoral process itself, including electoral management, in order to evaluate the fairness of the process, its efficiency, and its honesty

§  By providing information that, as far as possible, prevent election-related violence. 

 

49. Characteristics of entertainment media 

Print media 

·        Print media used for mass communication are powerful sources of bringing about attitudinal change and motivating people for action

·        This mass media do not just observe and report but ask, follow and investigate,

·        Newspapers and magazines offer wider variety of reading material and viewpoints of many people

·        Cartoon, interview, sports news are some of the entertainments present in print media 

Broadcast media 

·        It is a main source of information and entertainment for people

·        It includes visual images, sound, motion and color to attract audience

·        It allows development of creative and imaginative messages in a unique way

·        News, serials, live sports and concerts, drama are some of the entertainment program broadcast in radio and television 

Film 

·        It is one of the main source of entertainment for people

·        It is an audio visual medium

·        Film comes in different genres such as action, war, love, fantacy, science fiction, etc

·        It is projected in theatres and broadcast in television

 

Online media

 

·        It provides information in the form of digital

·        It has the ability of connecting people wherever in the world

·        Games, chatting, online radio are some of the examples for online media entertainment

·        There is a possibility of having interaction between people as well as between consumer and manufacturer 

 

50. TV serials advantages and disadvantages   

Advantages 

·        Many people watch soap operas because they find them enjoyable and realistic.

·        Easy-to-get source of fun and pleasure.

·        Soap operas train people not to work on distracting hidden meaning.

·        The audience gets used to see only light meaning.

·        Some people claim that after a hard day they need to rest, enjoy something really funny

·        It is able to draw people away from the problems and the stress atmosphere of the real life. 

Disadvantages 

·        Some people believe that soap operas can be very dangerous and unhealthy for one’s personality

·        They demonstrate false life values.

·        Soap operas are low-quality products of film industry.

·        They take advantage of bad human desires and intentions.

·        Soap operas put down life values and reduce human self-appreciation.

·        It is addictive. People don’t want to miss everyday episode 

 

51. Play theory of mass communication by William Stephenson

 

·        William Stephenson’s play theory is mainly emphasised on how we use media for our satisfaction

·        Also how media bring changes in our lives according to its contents.

·        This theory is based on a field where pain is in one end and pleasures the other.

·        Work favours pain and play favours pleasure.

·        People often are influenced by the media in a positive and negative way.

·        As we relate our characters with what we see in the media, we are greatly influenced by them and the character they showcase.

·        This theory is closely related to uses and gratifications theory where we can observe how people use the media and why.

·        The media greatly influences the needs of the audiences and also the gratification the media provide them.

·        In play theory the media is mainly used to get pleasure out of its usage than as the medium of information and education.

·        Example - We will try to relate our life with the content that they are showing in the movies and will try imitate them.