INDIAN CINEMA

PART - A

 

1.      Film distribution 

·        It is the process of making a movie available for viewing by an audience

·        The film may be exhibited directly to the public through theatre, television, or personal home viewing 

2.      Mise –en-scene 

·        The arrangement of scenery, properties, etc on the stage of a theatre or on the shooting set of film

·        It refers to the arrangement of everything as it appears in the framing of film actors, props, lighting, costume, etc 

3.      Golden Lotus award

·        The national award for best feature film is one of the categories in the National film awards

·        It is one of the several award presented for feature films and awarded with golden lotus 

4.      Adoor Gopalakrishnan 

·        He was an Indian film director, scriptwriter and producer

·        He has made 12 feature films in Malayalam and often depict the society and culture of Kerala 

5.      Shyam Benegal 

·        He is an Indian film director and screenwriter

·        With his first four feature films ANKIR, Nishant, Manthan and Bhumika was part of new genre called middle cinema in India 

6.      Shantaram 

·        He was a Marathi film maker, film producer and actor

·        His famous films are Amar Bhoopali, Navrang, Dhuniya Na Mane, etc 

7.      Talkies 

·        A film with speech and sound is called talkies

·        Alam Ara was the first Indian talking film 

8.      Alam Ara 

·        It was the first Indian talking film

·        It was directed by Ardeshir Irani 

9.      Indian New Wave 

·        The Film Training Institute of India, National Film Archives of India and Film Finance Corporation was set up by the Government with the objective of giving loans to directors who wanted to make feature films outside commercial circuit 

·        A new genre of Indian films arrived called new wave Indian cinema 

10. U/A 

·        Films with U/A certification can contain moderate adult teams

·        These films contain moderate to strong violence, sex scenes, frightening scenes 

11.  Budget 

·        It is how much money will be spent on the entire film project

·        It involves estimation of cost for development, pre-production and distribution 

12. Eastman color 

·        This is a trade name used by Kodak Film associated with color motion picture production

·        It was one of the single strip color process 

13. Horror 

·        It creates fear to the audience

·        Abnormal facial expression, dark light, frightening sound make a scene horror 

14. Blockbuster 

·        It is the term used to describe the hit of a film

·        It is extremely popular and bring lot of money

15. Steven Spielberg 

·        He is an American film maker who directed Jurassic Park, War of the World, The Last Gun, etc.

·        He is considered one of the pioneers of the new Hollywood era 

16. Autobiographical (Biopic) 

·        Biopic is a film that dramatizes the life of a non-fiction or historically based person or people

·        In this films the main characters real name is used. Example – M.S. Dhoni 

17. Feature film 

·        It is a full length film approximately 2 hours duration

·        It is longer duration than short film and documentary 

18. Soviet cinema 

·        Films produced based on the republics of the soviet union

·        These films reflect their pre-soviet culture, language and history 

19. Apu Trilogy 

·        Trilogy is a series of 3 complete books, films or creative works that are related in theme

·        The Apu trilogy comprises three Bengali films directed by Satyajit Ray are Pather Panchali, Aparajito and Apur Sansar 

20. Oedipal Trajectory 

·        It is a narrative film in which a male protagonist has to face a crisis, usually resolving it, winning a person, gaining the approval of senior etc. 

21. Establishing shot 

·        It is usually the first shot of a new scene designed to show the audience where the action takes place

·        It is usually a very wide or extreme wide shot 

22. Girish Karnad 

·        He was an Indian actor, film director, and Kannada writer

·        He worked in South Indian cinema and bollywood 

23. Bimal Roy 

·        He was a Bengali film director

·        He is noted for his realistic and socialistic film such as Madhumati, Biraj Bahu 

24. Film genre 

·        It is a type of film which has so many categories

·        The types are action, adventure, horror, epics, love, etc 

25. Veedu 

·        It is a Tamil film directed, scripted, photographed by Balu Mahendra

·        This film received two awards at National Film Awards for best Tamil films 

26. Pre-production 

·        It is the first stage of film which includes planning, selection of cast and crew

·        This includes selection of scriptwriter, storyboard artist, make-up man, etc 

27. Mahendran 

·        J. Alexander known professionally as Mahendran was an Indina film director, screenwriter and actor

·        He directed Johny, Mullum Malarum,, etc. and acted in Their, Petta, etc 

28. Casting 

·        Casting in film is a pre-production process for selecting an actor, actress, dancer and singer

·        Casting director is in-charge of the process of casting 

29. Montage 

·        It is an editing technique in which shots are juxtaposed

·        It is to compress time and conveys lot of information in a short period 

30. CBFC (Central Board of Film Certification) 

·        It is a censorship board under the ministry of information and broadcasting

·        It is tasked with regulating the public exhibition of film 

31. Raj Harish Chandra 

·        It is directed by Dadasaheb Phalke who was the father of Indian cinema

·        It was silent film and India’s first feature film 

32. New Wave 

·        It is French film movement which is emerged in 1950’s and 1960’s

·        Common features of the new wave included radical experimentation with editing, visual style and narrative 

33. Bollywood 

·        A name for the Indian popular film industry based in Mumbai

·        The term is a portmanteau (blend of two words) of "Bombay" and "Hollywood" 

34. Kollywood 

·        Tamil cinema, also colloquially known as Kollywood, is the Indian filmmaking industry of Tamil-language motion pictures.

·        It is based in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, in the Kodambakkam neighbourhood, the word being a portmanteau of Kodambakkam and Hollywood. 

35. Tollywood 

·        Telugu cinema, also known as Tollywood, is the segment of Indian cinema dedicated to the production of motion pictures in the Telugu language, widely spoken in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.

·        Telugu cinema is based in Film Nagar, a neighborhood of Hyderabad, India 

36. Mollywood 

·        Malayalam cinema, also known as Mollywood, is the Indian film industry based in the southern state of Kerala, dedicated to the production of motion pictures in the Malayalam language. 

·        The films produced in Malayalam cinema are known for their cinematography and story-driven realistic plots.

37. Box office 

·        It is the term used in film industry which describes how successful a film is

·        It is measured by the number of people who pay to see the film 

38. Kalidas 

·        It is Indian Tamil and Telugu language biographical film directed by H.M. Reddy and produced by Ardeshir Irani

·        It is notable for being the first sound film in Tamil and Telugu languages 

39. Neo realism 

·        The common attribute of neo realism is location shooting and the dubbing of dialogue

·        Principal character would be portrayed by trained actors while supporting members could be non-actors 

40. NFDC (National Film Development Corporation) 

·        It is situated in Mumbai to encourage high quality Indian cinema

·        It functions in areas of film financing, production and distribution 

41. Parallel cinema 

·        It was a film movement in Indian cinema that originated in the state of West Bengal

·        The movement was initially led by Bengali film makers such as Satyajit Ray, Mirnal Sen, Ritwik Ghatik and others 

42. Film institute 

·        A film school is any educational institution dedicated to teach the aspects of film making

·        It includes subjects such as film production, film theory, digital media production and screenwriting 

43. Critics 

·        Film critic is a person who writes a review of film

·        It does the analysis and evaluation of film 

44. Chemeen 

·        It is Indian Malayalam language romance film based on the novel Chemeen

·        It was the first South Indian film to win the Indian president gold medal for the best film 

45. Kim Ki Duk 

·        He is a South Korean film maker

·        His films have received many awards in film festivals 

46. Hugo 

·        It is an historical adventure drama film

·        It tells the story of a boy who lives in a railway station in Paris and it is shot in 3D film 

47. Narrative 

·        It is called as fictional film that tells story in narrative

·        Lighting and camera movement have become increasingly important in this films 

48. Non-narrative (non - fiction) 

·        It does not narrate an event whether real or imaginary

·        It is usually a form of art film not made for mass entertainment 

49. Academy award 

·        It is officially and popularly known as the Oscars, are awards for artistic merit in film industry

·        It is given by the academy of motion picture arts and sciences, the awards are an international recognition of excellence in cinematic achievements 

50. Rashomon 

·        It is directed by Akira Kurosawa, a Japanese director

·        Rashomon marked the entrance of Japanese film onto the world stage and it won several awards including golden lion, academy honorary award, etc 

51. Battleship Potemkin 

·        It is Soviet silent film directed by Sergei Eisenstein

·        It presents a dramatized version of mutiny, that occurred when the crew of the Russian battleship Potemkin rebelled against its officer 

52. A.V.Meiyappa Chettiyar 

·        He is also known as a.V.Meiyappan or AVM was an Indian film producer and director who established AVM productions in Vadapalani, Chennai

·        AVM production is the only production company in Kollywood to run successfully for 5 decades 

53. Deepa Mehta 

·        She is an Indo-Canadian film director and screenwriter

·        She is best known for her elements trilogy, fire, earth and water 

54. M.G.Ramachandran (MGR) 

·        He was an Indian actor, film maker and politician who served the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for 10 years

·        His films are Enga Veetu Pillai, Mattukara Velan, Ayirathil Oruvan, etc 

55. Anurag Kashyap 

·        He is an Indian film director, writer, editor, producer and actor known for his work in Hindi cinema

·        He received many film fare award and the awards from the government of France  

56. Dogme 95 

·        It was a filmmaking movement started by the directors Lars-Bon, Trier, Tomas Vinterberg

·        It is a set of rules to create films based on the traditional value of story, acting and theme 

57. Raj Kapoor 

·        He was an actor, producer and director of Indian cinema

·        He was the member of Kapoor family which produced several Bollywood superstars

58. Om Shanti Om 

·        It is an Indian fantasy romantic melodrama film directed and co-written by Farah Khan

·        It stars Sharukh Khan as Om, junior artist role played by Deepika Padukone in her Hindi first debut 

59. Mira Nair 

·        She is an Indian-American film maker based in New Yark city

·        Her best films are Missipi Masal, the name sake, golden lion, monsoon wedding, etc 

60. Rajkumar 

·        He was an Indian actor and singer in Kannada cinema

·        He is considered a cultural icon of Kannada cinema and he was honored by Padma Bhushan 

61. FTII 

·        The Film and Television Insitute of India is an autonomous institute under the ministry of information and broadcasting of India

·        It is in Pune 

62. Film language 

·        Any film involved the combination of techniques used to convey story

·        Camera movement, shot, angle, lightings are used in cinema to tell a story 

63. Oneiric 

·        It refers to the depiction of dream-like states

·        Film and dreams are also connected in psychological analysis by examining the relationship between the cinema screening process and the spectator 

64. Screwball comedy 

·        It is a sub-genre of romantic comedy genre that becomes popular during great pressure

·        It is widely known for satirizing (laugh at) the traditional love story 

65. Denouement 

·        The final part of film in which the strands of the plot are drawn together and the problems are resolved 

66. Soviet montage theory 

·        Soviet montage theory is an approach to understanding and creating cinema that relies heavily upon editing (montage is French for "assembly" or "editing").

·        It is the principal contribution of Soviet film theorists to global cinema, and brought formalism to bear on filmmaking. 

67. Cinema culture 

·        Film culture is a process measured by the discourses surrounding the films and the business, the craft and the industry that produces them

·        Wherever films are shown, talked and written about, which is just about everywhere. 

68. Phenomenology 

·        The phenomenology of film focuses on the relation between filmgoer and film through the conditions and aspects of the film experience.

·        A phenomenology of film must describe how the film world is perceived by the filmgoer, as if she/he were being-in-the-film-world. 

69. Golden Globe 

·        Golden Globe Award, any of the awards presented annually by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association (HFPA) in recognition of outstanding achievement in motion pictures and television during the previous year.

·        Within the entertainment industry, the Golden Globes are considered second in importance both to the Academy Awards (for film) and to the Emmy Awards (for television), and the televised awards ceremony 

70. Korean New Wave 

·        The people of the Korean film industry who resisted direct distribution by Hollywood were joined by the anti-American movement of the Korean intellectual society.

·        In the history of Korean films, they are called the Korean New Wave. 

71. Film form 

·        The means by which a film's content is expressed.

·        The style and techniques used to convey meaning.

·        Traditions, dominant styles, and popular forms used by filmmakers which are generally accepted as the principles of filmmaking 

72. Salman Rushdi 

·        Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie is a British-American novelist and essayist of Indian descent.

·        Midnight's Children is a 2012 film adaptation of Salman Rushdie's 1981 novel of the same name.  

73. Dada Saheb Phalke 

·        Phalke was an Indian producer-director-screenwriter, known as "the Father of Indian cinema".

·        His debut film, Raja Harishchandra, was the first Indian movie released in 1913, and is now known as India's first full-length feature film. 

74. Dada Saheb Phalke award 

·        The recipients are honoured for their outstanding contribution to the growth and development of Indian cinema.

·        The winners of the Dadasaheb Phalke award is selected by a committee consisting of eminent personalities from the Indian film industry 

75. Chandraleka 

·        Chandralekha is a 1948 Indian historical adventure film produced and directed by S. S. Vasan of Gemini Studios.

·        The film follows two brothers (Veerasimhan and Sasankan) who fight over ruling their father's kingdom and marrying the village dancer, Chandralekha. 

76. Ironic Hybridization 

·        The films explore the plurality of genre experiences

·        Directors combine elements from different genres, as with the Western/science fiction  

77. Satyajit Ray 

·        Satyajit Ray was an Indian filmmaker, screenwriter, documentary filmmaker, author, essayist, lyricist, magazine editor, illustrator, calligrapher, and music composer.

·        He brought the Indian cinema to world recognition with Pather Panchali and its two sequels, known as the Apu Trilogy.

·        Ray is widely considered one of the greatest filmmakers of all time 

78. Lagaan 

·        Indian Hindi-language epic musical sports film written and directed by Ashutosh Gowariker.

·        Lagaan received widespread critical acclaim and awards at international film festivals, as well as many Indian film awards.

·        It became the third Indian film to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film after Mother India and Salaam Bombay.

PART B & C 

1.      Satyajit Ray 

·        He was an Indian film maker, screenwriter, music composer, graphic artist, lyricist and author.

·        He was born in a Bengali family which was prominent in the field of art and literature

·        Starting his career as commercial artist, Ray was drown into Independent film maker

·        He directed 36 films including feature films, documentary and short films

·        He was also a fiction writer, publisher, illustrator and film critic

·        Satyajit Ray authored several short stories and novels meant primarily for young children and teenagers

·        Feluda the sleuth and professor Shonku the scientist in his science fiction stories are popular characters created by him.

·        His first film PatherPanchali won 11 international prizes

·        This film along with Aparajitu and ApurSansar form the Apu Trilogy

·        He received 32 Indian National Film Award, a Golden Lion, a Golden Bear and 2 Silver Bear

·        The Government of India honoured him with Bharat Ratna

·        In 2004 Ray was ranked number 13 in BBC’s poll of the greatest Bengali of all time 

 

2.      Apu trilogy / Trilogy 

·        Trilogy is a series of 3 complete books, films or creative works that are related tin theme

·        The Apu Trilogy comprises of 3 Bengali films directed by Satyajit Ray PatherPanchali, Aparajito and ApurSansar

·        The 3 films showed childhood, education and early maturity of a young Bengali namedApu.

·        PatherPanchali (song of little road) Apu’s early experiences in rural Bengal as the son of a poor but high cast family are presented. Apu’s father Harihar a Brahmin has difficulty in supporting his family. After the death of Apu’s sister Durga the family moves to the holy city of Benaras.

·        Aparajito (the unvarnished) – the family finances are still poor. After his father dies there Apu and his mother Sarbajaya came back to a village in Bengal. Despite in poor condition Apu manages to get formal schooling and turns out to be brilliant student. That growing Apu comes into conflict with his mother. Later when Apu’s mother dies too he has to learn to live alone.

·        ApurSansar (the world of Apu) – attempting to become a writer Apu unexpectedly finds himself pressured to marry a girl whose mother rejected her mentally ill bridegroom on the day of their wedding. Their blossoming marriage ends in her death in child birth after which the despairing Apu abandoned his child but eventually pretends to accept his responsibilities.  

 

3.      CBFC – Central Board of Film certification 

·        It is a censorship board under the ministry of information and broadcasting

·        It is tasked with regulating the public exhibition of film

·        Films can be publicly exhibited in India only after they are certified by the board

        U-certificate (unrestricted public exhibition)

·        Films with the U certificate are fit for unrestricted publication and are family-friendly

·        These films can contain universal themes like education, family, drama, etc

·        Now these films can also contain some mild violence and sexual scenes.

     U/A (parental guidance for children below the age of 12 years)

·        Films with U/A certification can contain moderate adult teams

·        These films contain moderate to strong violence, sex scenes, and frightening scenes

    A-certificate (restricted to adult)

·        Films with A certification are available for public exhibition but with restrictions to adults

·        These films can contain brutally strong violence, sex and strong abusive language

    S- certificate (restricted to any special class of persons)

·        Films with S certification should not be viewed by the public

·        Engineers, doctors, scientists, etc have permission to watch those films 

 

4.      DadasahebPhalke 

·        I have to keep making films in my country, so that it gets established as an industry at home – said by DadasahebPhalke

·        He was known as father of Indian cinema

·        He went to London to learn filmmaking

·        Phalke was an Indian producer, director and screenwriter

·        His first film Raja Harish Chandra which was the first Marathi cinema, was the first Indian movie and is now known as India’s first full length feature film

·        He made 95 feature length films and 27 short films in his career

·        MohiniBhasmasur, SatyavanSavitri, Lankadahn, Sri Krishnajanma and Kaliyamarudan are some of his noted works

·        Phalke with the help of several partners established the Hindustan film company and went on to produce several films

·        Phalke experimented with a variety of special effects

·        The government of India instituted the Dada SahebPhalke award for lifetime contribution to Indian cinema of Indian film personalities

·        He produced his last film Gangabataran which was the only talkie he made

·        He struggled against the displeasure of the British, the advent of world war and his own financial struggles he accomplished his dream of having an Indian film industry 

 

5.      Parallel cinema / Indian New Wave / Indian film movement 

·        Parallel cinema was a film movement in Indian cinema was a film movement in Indian cinema that originated in the state of West Bengal

·        The earlier era of Indian cinema was dominated by adaptations of epics like Ramayana and Mahabharata

·        Inspired by Italian Neo Realism parallel cinema begin just before the French New Wave and Japanese New Wave

·        The movement was initially led by Bengali filmmakers such as Satyajit Ray, Mirnal Sen, RitwikGhatak and others

·        Parallel cinema is known for its serious content, realism and naturalism

·        Parallel cinema referred to as golden age of Indian cinema

·        AdoorGopalakrishnan (Malayalam cinema), GirishKasaravalli (Kannada cinema), KNT Sastry (Telugu cinema) also called the pioneers of Indian parallel cinema

·        To give movie goers something more than meaningful entertainment is the main aim of parallel cinema

 

6.      Italian Neo realism 

·        Realism refers to the believability of its characters and events in a film

·        Italian Neo Realism is also known as golden age of Italian cinema

·        The common attribute of neo realism is location shooting and the dubbing of dialogue

·        Italian filmmakers in the immediate post world war period created their own cinematic language to capture everyday life of people

·        Italian films showed the condition of people everyday life including poverty, injustice, etc.

·        It was a sign of cultural change and social progress in Italy

·        Films presented new stories and ideas

·        Films were shot in streets, since film studios had been damaged during world war

·        Neo-realist films were filmed with non-professional actors

·        Well known actors were acted in leading roles in front of the available background

·        The idea was to create a greater sense of realism through the use of real people rather than familiar actors

·        The attribute of Neo Realism is location shooting

·        It avoids lighting, and camera works 

 

7.      Narrative structure of film / 3 act structure

 

·        Narrative structure is about story and plot the content of story and the form used to tell the story

·        Story refers to the dramatic action as it might be described in chronological order

·        Plot refers to how the story is told

·        Story is about trying to determine the key conflict, main characters, setting and events 

 

Act I 

·        It is used to explain exposition, to establish the main character, their relationships and the world they live in

·        A problem is also introduced which is what drives the story forward

·        Later in the act there is an inciting incident that confronts the main character 

Act II 

·        It referred to as raising action

·        It typically depicts the protagonist’s (hero) attempt to resolve the problem

·        It is the bulk of the story

·        Here the characters go through major changes in their life

Act III 

·        It features the resolution of the story

·        All the elements of story come together and leading to the ending

·        Resolution is when the problem in the story boils over 

 

8.      Mise en scene 

·        The arrangement of everything that appears in the framing – actors, lighting, décor, props, costume – is called mise-en-scène.

·        A French term that means “placing on stage.”

·        The frame and camerawork are also considered part of the mise-en-scène of a movie. 

Set Design 

·        The set design refers to the decor of the set, or how it’s dressed, comprising mainly of the furniture, props, and the set itself.

·        It is emphasizing themes, creating meanings, and provoking thoughts.

 

Lighting 

·        It is the greatest power to evoke emotions.

·        Lighting must be manipulated by the director to accommodate his or her desires for the movie.

 

Costume

 

·        The main purpose of costuming is to dress an actor according to his character.

·        Lawyers wear suits, nurses wear scrubs, and a drifter could wear worn out shoes, ragged shirt, and baggy pants. 

Space 

·        The representation of space affects the reading of a film.

·        Depth, proximity, size and proportions of the places and objects in a film can be manipulated through camera placement and lenses, lighting, set design, effectively determining mood or relationships between elements in the story world. 

Composition 

·        It is the organization of objects, actors and space within the frame.

·        It is to maintain a balance of symmetry. This refers to having an equal distribution of light, colour, and objects and/or figures in a shot. 

Makeup and hair styles 

·        It establish time period, reveal character traits and signal changes in character.

·        It is done by the makeup artist 

Acting 

·        The performance of the artist on the stage or in front of the camera

·        Acting expresses the feelings and emotions of the character 

Aspect ratio 

·        It is the relation of the width of the rectangular image to its height.

·        Each aspect ratio yields a different way of looking at the world 

 

9.      Film genres 

Action film 

·        Usually it includes high energy, stunts and chases, battles, fights, escapes, spectacular rhythm and pacing.

·        Often two-dimensional 'good-guy' hero or heroine battling 'bad guys'. 

Adventure film 

·        Usually exciting stories, similar to action film genre.

·        It can include jungle, desert, epics, treasure hunts, disaster films, etc. 

Comedy film 

·        Deliberately designed to provoke laughter by exaggerating the situation, language, action.

·        Various forms of comedy includes slapstick, screwball, spoofs and parodies, romantic comedies, black comedy, etc. 

Crime (gangster) film 

·        Story developed around the actions of criminals, particularly bank robbers, underworld don, stealing and murdering.

·        The criminals are counteracted by a detective-protagonist. 

Drama 

·        Drama is a serious, plot-driven presentations, portraying realistic characters, settings, life situations.

·        Stories involving intense character development and interaction. 

Epics 

·        It include costume dramas, historical dramas, war films that cover a large expanse of time set against a vast, panoramic backdrop.

·        Epics take an historical event, mythic, legendary, and add an extravagant setting, lavish costumes. 

Musical/dance film 

·        Films that are centered on music or dance or combinations of music and dance.

·        Sindubairavi, ThillanaMognambal, Sangamam are some of the examples of this genre 

Sci-fi film 

·        It is often aliens, distant planets, fantastic places, great dark and shadowy villains & monsters.

·        Science fiction often expresses the potential of technology to destroy humankind. 

War film 

·        Film is war, letting the actual combat fighting on land, sea, or in the air.

·        War films are paired with other genres, such as action, adventure, historical epics, etc. 

Love 

·        Genre where the plot revolves around the love between two protagonists.

·        A theme exploring an issue within the love itself. 

 

10. Akira Kurosawa

 

·        Akira Kurosawa was a Japanese film director and screenwriter, who directed 30films in his career

·        He is one of the most important and influential filmmakers in the history of cinema.

·        He made his debut as a director with the popular action film SanshiroSugata.

·        Rashomon, the winner of Golden Lion award at the Venice Film Festival.

·        The success of Rashomon opened up Western film markets to the Japanese film industry.

·        Kurosawa directed approximately one film per year

·        Ikiru, Seven Samurai, Ran are some of his best films.

·        In 1990, he accepted the Academy Award for Lifetime Achievement.

·        He was named “Asian of the Century” in the "Arts, Literature, and Culture" category by AsianWeek magazine and CNN.

·        His career has been honored by many retrospectives, critical studies and biographies in both print and video. 

 

11. Alfred Hitchcock

 

·        He was an English film director and producer.

·        He is one of the most influential filmmakers in the history of cinema.

·        He is known as "the Master of Suspense".

·        He directed over 50 feature films in his career

·        He made his directorial debut with the silent film The Pleasure Garden.

·        His film, The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog, helped to shape the thriller genre.

·        His first British talkie was Blackmail.

·        Hitchcock moved into Hollywood and directed many films.

·        Rebecca was nominated for 11 Oscars and won the Academy Award for Best Picture.

·        The Hitchcockian style includes the use of camera movement, and framing shots to maximize anxiety and fear.

·        Hitchcock’s greatest of all time was Rear Window, Vertigo, North by Nothwest and Psycho 

 

12. Casting 

          ·        Casting in film is a pre-production process for selecting an actor, dancer, and singer.

·        The casting process involves a series of auditions before a casting panel, composed of film producer, film director, and/or choreographer.

·        These auditions are videotaped, then shared with film producers, film directors.

·        The casting panel examines both the individual actor perfoRmance, and the combination of two or more actors.

·        Casting director is in charge of the process of casting.

·        He is comes under above the line staff

·        Casting director is sometimes assisted by a casting associate 

 

13. Commercial films 

        ·        A commercial film is normally made with entertainment value.

        ·        "Commercial" denotes a project intended to turn a profit in the commercial marketplace

·        Commercial films production purpose is to sell products

·        Commercial films includes advertising, graphic design, branding, logos, and book illustration.

·        Commercial films included television and print advertisements, and mass produced images.

·        Commercial film making crew also includes singers, choreographers, musicians etc.

·        These films are produced with huge budgets and may take longer period for the completion of the film.

·        Commercial films are made for mass appeal and for all ages for entertainment. 

·        The films include comedy, dance, songs and grand settings and are shot at different locations.

·        The roles are played by popular actors and actresses.

·        There may be many popular star cast in the film depending on the story line. 

 

14. Importance of cinematography

 

·        Cinematography is also called as the art of moving photography.

·        It is the aspect of film-making, where a cinematographer decides which camera and lighting effects should be used while filming scenes in a movie.

·        It tests the creativity of the people behind the scenes.

·        If the cinematography of a film or a video isn’t right, then the film may not really work.

·        The cinematographer chooses the right film speed, film gauge and color sensitivity required for recording the moving images.

·        Cinematographers use filters for making a more dramatic effect for a specific scene in a movie.

·        The lens chosen by a cinematographer has an impact on the look, feel and effect of the video.

·        Skilled cinematographer chooses the right framing and aspect ratio.

·        Cinematographer use suitable lights to evokes the right emotions

·        Cinematographer conveys feelings through camera shot, angle and movement

15. Film form 

Narrative film

 

·        Narrative film, fictional film or fiction film is a motion picture that tells a fictional or fictionalized story, event or narrative.

·        Commercial narrative films with running times of over an hour are often referred to as feature films, or feature-length films.

·        In this style of film, believable narratives and characters help convince the audience that the unfolding fiction is real.

·        Lighting and camera movement, among other cinematic elements, have become increasingly important in these films.

·        Great detail goes into the screenplays of narratives, as these films rarely deviate from the predetermined behaviours and lines of the classical style of screenplay writing to maintain a sense of realism.

·        Actors must deliver dialogue and action in a believable way, so as to persuade the audience that the film is real life.

·        These films are screened in theatres, broadcast on TV, streamed in the internet, and sold as DVDs.

·        The filmmaker has the freedom to create storylines and alter historical facts as he or she sees fit. 

Documentary film

 

·        Documentary filmmaking is concerned with the exposure and analyses of real facts and historical events.

·        It is also called as true cinema, cinema pur, and absolute cinema

·        It is not made for mass entertainment

·        Subjects of documentaries can be the hunting of endangered species, life history of a personality, manufacturing of a product, about a place, etc.

·        Not all documentaries present the absolute truth a hundred percent of the time. 

Experimental film

 

·        Also known as avant-garde

·        Experimental films are rare and totally unpopular.

·        This type of movie is trying something new, different.

·        Experimental films are easy to define but difficult to understand since ideas forced together by the filmmaker without any regards for characters, structure or theme.

 

16. Film and politics

 

·        Tamil people have always held two things close to their hearts – films and politics.

·        Tamil Nadu’s first chief minister, CN Annadurai, along with Karunanidhi, were the first scriptwriters who pushed forth the agenda of Dravidian ideologies.

·        SivajiGanesan and SSR kept the message of Dravidian movement rolling in their films

·        A growing independent popularity, Annadurai's death and Karunanidhi's open push for his first son MK Muthu formed Anna DravidaMunnetraKazhagam (ADMK), which was later renamed to All India Anna DravidaMunnetraKazhagam (AIADMK).

·        His popularity and astute political alliances helped MGR topple the DMK during the next assembly elections in 1977, paving the way for Tamil politics

·        MGR's demise, thrust the light upon another film star J.Jayalalitha

·        In 1989 assembly elections 41-year-old Jayalalithaa entered the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly to become the leader of the opposition.

·        Both the AIADMK and DMK having production houses in the Tamil film industry.

·        Top actors, both male and female, would have to select sides and regularly take part in photos.

·        The DMK even had actor Napoleon, selected as the Minister of State for Social Justice and Empowerment in Prime Minister Manmohan Singh's cabinet.

·        While Kamal Haasan and Rajinikanth's political foray have taken over headlines, actor Vijayakanth had created similar ripples back in 2005.

·        Vijayakanth launched DesiyaMurpokkuDravidaKazhagam (DMDK), a regional political party with center-left ideologies.

·        On the other hand, after stints with both AIADMK and DMK for more than a decade, actor R Sarath Kumar launched his own political party – All India SamathuvaMakkalKatchi in 2007. 

 

17. Bharathiraja 

·        Bharatiraja is an Indian film director who works mainly in the Tamil film industry

·        He is known for realistic and sensitive portrayal of rural life in his films

·        His first film 16 Vayathinile, for which hw wrote the script broke the existing convention to create a new genre of village cinema. This film is now regarded as a milestone in the history of Tamil cinema

·        He has given big hit films in various genres such as KizhakkePogum Rail (village subject), SigappuRojakkal (psychopathetic women hater), TikTikTik (action thriller).

·        He has portrayed cast and religious issues in a strong manner in the film VedhamPuthithu and AlaigalOivathillai

·        The commercial success of KizhakkuCheemaiyile and the awards that Karuthamma generated stand as testimony to his ability to thrill the younger generation as well    

 

18. Macro features of film 

Narrative – is the structure of the film for example at beginning of the film the characters are sometimes introduced by the narrator or the audience gets to know their name through a conversation between characters. The three act structure is similar to narratives which has three parts to a film the setup is 25%, confrontation is 50%, and the final is 25%. 

Genre – horror contains frightening scenes and ghost. Thriller which has a villain and hero and thrills the audience. Adventures which has characters that go on adventures and encounter a few problems on their quest. 

Representation – there are different types of representation seen in films for example male actors move the plot forward, they seem more superior and they do most of the action and hard work whereas the females are used as sexual item and they do most of the light work for example chores. 

Audience – audience is the key factor to any film. Film producers try to aim at certain audiences whether it’s male of female and through their age for example children are very much interested in watching Sivakarthikeyan films. 

 

19. Micro features of film 

Cinematography – is the camera angle and movements which creates different effect to the scene. For example a low angle makes the character strong and powerful and high angle makes it weaker. 360 degree angle makes the character look confused. 

Mise en scene – is a term for what is in the shot. This includes lighting, colors, props, setting, makeup and costume. All these factors make up the scene and enhance the effect. 

Sound – diegetic sounds are sound that are made in the scene and the source it is coming from is visible to the audience. For example dialogue, footsteps, etc. non diegetic sounds are sound that come from a source not visible on the scene. For example background music, story narrator. 

Editing – editing links two shots together and there are time when there is a movement from one shot to another. Cut, jump cut, fade, dissolve are the transitions used in editing.   

 

20. Problems faced by the director when novel or book is filmed (Adaptation) 

·        When book is filmed it is not possible to film the whole book.

·        Some sub plot has to be cut while making movie

·        It has to trim down on characters sometimes combine characters to save on budget

·        All the text can’t be visualized

·        For people who are book readers it is the lack of accuracy

·        Some story needs more budget to make films

·        The book reader can make issue if his/her character is missing in the film.

·        It takes a lot of revamping of a book in order to make it a successful movie  

 

21. Telugu film industry

 

·        Telugu cinema also called as Tollywood is the segment of Indian cinema dedicated to the production of motion pictures in Telugu language, widely spoken in the states of Andra Pradesh and Telangana.

·        Telugu cinema is based in Film Nagar, a neighborhood of Hyderabad

·        RagupathiVenkiah Naidu is called as father of Telugu cinema who produced silent film BhishmaPratigna and many short films.

·        East India Film Company produced its first Indian film, Savitri in Telugu which was awarded at the 2^nd Venice International Film Festival.

·        The first film studio in South India, DurgaCinetone, was built by NidamarthiSurayya in Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh.

·        In the years 2005, 2006, 2008, and 2014 the industry has produced the largest number of films in India

·        The industry holds the Guinness World Record for the largest film production facility in the world, Ramoji Film City.

·        The Prasads IMAX located in Hyderabad is one of the largest 3D IMAX screens, and the most attended cinema screen in the world.

·        The industry holds a MOU with the Motion Picture Association of America to combat video piracy. 

·        The Baahubali produced by Tollywood studio earned of approximately 2,000 crore and Baahubali 2 is the only Indian film to receive the American Saturn Award for Best International Film.

 

22. Malayalam film industry

 

·        Malayalam cinema is the Indian film industry based in the southern state of Kerala, dedicated to the production of motion pictures in Malayalam language.

·        It is also known as Mollywood

·        Malayalam film industry is the fourth biggest film industry in India.

·        The films produced here are known for their cinematography and story-driven realistic plots.

·        AdoorGopalakrishnan has won the International Film Critics Prize for his various works.

·        Malayala films won many International Film Festival Awards among which Chemmeen received a Certificate of Merit at the Chicago International Film Festival and a Gold Medal at the Cannes Film Festival for Best Cinematography.

·        The first 3D film produced in India, My Dear Kuttichathan, was made in Malayalam. The first CinemaScope film produced in Malayalam was ThacholiAmbu.

·        Early Malayalam film industry was based in Thiruvananthapurm, later shifted to Chennai, then again returned and established itself in Kerala with the majority of locations, studios, production and post-production facilities being located in Kochi and Thiruvananthapuram. 

 

23. Kannada film industry

 

·        Kannada cinema is the Indian film industry based in the state of Karnataka where motion pictures are produced in the Kannada language.

·        The Kannada film Industry is referred to as Sandalwood.

·        The Kannada film industry based in the city of Bengaluru produces more than 190 films each year.

·        Kannada films are released in more than 1250 single screen and multiplex theaters in Karnataka and some of them are also released across the country and in the UK, US, UAE and other countries.

·        The first government institute in India Sri Jayachamarajendra (S J) Polytechnic started technical courses related to films was established in Bengaluru.

·        The industry is known for Kannada language literary works, being translated into motion pictures.

·        Some of the works which received global acclaim include, GirishKarnad’sKaadu, Pattabhirama Reddy’s Samskara, and many more.

 

24. Hindi film industry

 

·        Hindi cinema,formerly as Bombay cinema is the Indian Hindi language film industry based in Mumbai.

·        It is often known as Bollywood film industry.

·        The industry is related to other regional industries, making up Indian Cinema, the world's largest by number of feature films produced.

·        Bollywood represents 43 percent of Indian net box-office revenue; Tamil and Telugu cinema represent 36 percent

·        Bollywood is one of the largest centers of film production in the world.

·        Bollywood films tend to use a colloquial dialect of Hindi-Urdu (or Hindustani) and modern Bollywood films increasingly incorporate elements of Hindi-English (Hinglish)

·        The most popular commercial genre in Bollywood has been the masala film, which freely mixes different genres including action, comedy, romance, etc

 

25. Departments in movie making

 

PRODUCER 

·        This person is essentially the group leader and is responsible for managing the production from start to finish.

·        The producer develops the project from the initial idea, makes sure the script is finalized, arranges the financing and manages the production team that makes the film.

·        The producer also coordinates the filmmaking process to ensure that everyone involved in the project is working on schedule and on budget. 

 

DIRECTOR 

·        The director is primarily responsible for overseeing the shooting and assembly of a film.

·        A director works at the center of film production, but worked with many other people who get the job done together.

 

SCREENWRITER

 

·        Screenwriter shapes the sequence of events in a film to ensure that one scene transitions to the next so that the story will unfold logically and in an interesting way. 

 

PRODUCTION DESIGNER

 

·        Production designer is the first artist to translate the script into visual form.

·        He or she creates a series of storyboards that serve as the film's first draft.

·        Storyboards ensures the visual continuity, serves as the director's visual guide, and a template to follow during the editing process.

 

ART DIRECTOR

 

·        The art director is responsible for the film's settings: the buildings, landscapes and interiors.

·        This person is responsible for acquiring props, decorating sets and making the setting believable.

COSTUME DESIGNER

 

·        Costumes convey a great deal about the film's time period and the characters who wear them, including their economic status, occupation and attitude toward themselves.

 

 CINEMATOGRAPHER

 

·        The director of photography is responsible for capturing the script on film or video.

·        He must pay attention to lighting and the camera's technical capabilities.

 

EDITOR

 

·        The editor organize the footage and arranges individual shots into one continuous sequence.

·        Editing technique is used to convey the story effectively using twist, turning point, speed of the shots, etc.

 

ACTing 

·        Responsible for portraying the characters in a film.

·        Actors work closely with the director and cinematographer.

 

MUSIC

 

·        Composing song, background music, special effects are done by music director with the help of musicians. 

·        Selecting the right music for the film will intensify the story for the audience. 

 

26. Cinema is a mass medium of communication

 

·        It performs the functions of mass media such as inform, educate, entertain.

·        It is used for transmission of culture from one generation to another such as food, clothe, festivals, etc.

·        It acts as a catalyst for social change like helping others, culture, attitude, etc.

·        They generate mass mediated culture arising from elite, folk, popular or mass origins. Audiences follow their hero or heroine’s dress code, attitude, etc.

·        Through cinema we perceive the world around us. Story based on various locations help us to know their language, habits, behavior, etc.

·        It provides ideas to visualize our society.

·        Films appeal to their primary emotions and sentiments of the viewer with its content such as happy, sad, angry, etc.

·        Information spread through cinema still fresh in the minds of the people.

·        Films combine visuals, movement, sound, theatre, music all in one to communicate the message effectively.

·        Cinema language is universal which helps in breaking social or cultural barriers. Without understanding the language people understand the message with the help of visuals and music

·        It educate even an illiterate people through dialogue, concept, music, shots, angle.

·        Films have been effective in projecting social evils such as bribe, corruption, theft, robbery, etc

·        Films have been exposing under world elements, bureaucrats, unemployment problem etc.

·        It can stimulate values of good life and citizenship through its content. 

 

27. History of Indian cinema 

·        The history of Indian Cinema goes back to the nineteenth century.

·        In 1897, Save Dada made two short films, but the fathers of Indian cinema were Dada SahebPhalke who in 1913 made the first feature length silent film Raja Harishchandra and ArdeshirIrani who in 1931 made India's first talking filmAlamAra.

·        Films were produced in Hindi, Tamil, Telugu and Bengali. 

Beginning of silent movies 

·        Father of Indian Cinema, DadasahebPhalke’s‘Raja Harishchandra’ was the first ever Indian film screed in London in 1914

·        Films based on mythological and historical facts and episodes from Mahabharata and Ramayana dominated but Indian audiences also welcomed Hollywood movies, especially the action films 

Beginning of the talkies 

·        The first ever talkie ‘AlamAra’ by ArdeshirIrani was screened in Bombay in 1931 and many production companies emerged to produce films

·        During this time, huge movie halls were built and there was a significant growth in the number of audiences

·        Eminent film personalities such as ChetanAnand, S.S. Vasan, Nitin Bose and many of others emerged on the scene 

Growth of Regional Films 

·        The first Bengali feature film ‘NalDamyanti’ was produced

·        The first silent South Indian feature film named ‘KeechakaVadham’ was screened

·        The first ever talkie film in Bengali ‘JamaiShashthi’ and it Tamil ‘Kalidass’ was released

·        Regional films were also made in other languages such as Assamese, Oriya, Punjabi, Marathi, and many more. 

Birth of new era 

·        Notable filmmakers like Satyajit Ray and Bimal Roy made movies which focused on the survival and daily miseries of the lower class

·        The historical and mythological subjects took a back seat and the films with social messages began to dominate the industry

These films were based on themes such as prostitution, dowry, polygamy and other malpractice which were prevalent in our society

·        New directors like RitwikGhatak, Mrinal Sen and others focused on the real problems of the common man

·        The Indian film industry has produced many talented lyricists, music directors and artists 

Present Indian film industry 

·        Indian cinema is global enterprise released all over the world

·        Universal pictures, 20^th Century Fox, Sony Pictures, Walt Disney investing in Indian film industry

·        New concept and technologies take part in Indian films 

 

28. Contribution of V. Shantaram 

            ·        ShantaramRajaramVankudre, referred to as V. Shantaram or ShantaramBapu, was an         Indian Marathi filmmaker, film producer and actor.

            ·        He is most known for films such as Amar Bhoopali, JhanakJhanakPayalBaaje,         Navrang, Pinjara, etc.

·        He went on to debut as an actor in the silent film Surekha Haran.

·        He directed his first film NetajiPalkar and he founded the Prabhat Film Company.

·        He was praised by Charlie Chaplin for his Marathi film Manoos. Chaplin reportedly liked the film to a great extent.

·        Shantaram introduced his daughter, his son, and wife into film industry.

·        He was awarded with DadasahebPhalke award and Padma Vibhushan.

·        The V. Shantaram Award was constituted by Central Government and Maharashtra State Government.

·        The V. Shantaram Motion Picture Scientific Research and Cultural Foundation was established, and offers various awards to film-makers. 

29. Things should be avoided during film production 

·        Don’t allow the actors to see the monitor. Shot may be okay for the director but actor may not like it which leads to conflict between them.

·        Touch things that aren’t your department. The camera person only touch things related to camera, light man only touch the things related to lights.

·        Better be safe than sorry and use the open hand to gesture at things that need drawing attention to.

·        The 1^st AD is the person whose word is law. If you want to communicate something to him wait for him to come to you, or approach them when they’re looking the least angry, busy, and frustrated.

·        Do not disturb the director while communicating his view to the actors.

·        If you get something wrong there’s no use talking back to more senior members of the crew.

·        Look Busy. If you have free time in the shooting spot, make tea & coffee rounds instead of sitting ideally. It will make you look good and make you friends on the set, too.

·        Film sets are frequently dark and spread with cables, bits of expensive equipment and sleeping grips so do not run in the set

·        Efficient filmmaking requires efficient communication skills and shouting is not part of those skills.

30. Surrealism 

·        Surrealist cinema is characterized by juxtapositions, the rejection of dramatic psychology, and a frequent use of shocking imagery.

·        Surrealist films created a revolution in cinema by providing with linear narratives and plots

·        It creates the possibility of cinema itself as an independent and unique visual art form.

·        Surrealist films do not merely retell dreams or stories but replicate their processes through illogical, irrational disruptions and disturbing imagery .

·        Surrealist filmmakers found new techniques to convey the atmosphere and inappropriate states of dreams.

·        Surrealist film attempts to change cinema so that audiences experience more than the standard visuals.

·        Surrealist films often assault traditional institutions in society, such as religion, family, or marriage.

·        Many surrealist films are driven by strong feelings of desire, love, and sexual desire.

·        Surrealist film could show even the most inappropriate images as visual, concrete facts.

·        Surrealist cinema could show actual objects in motion, as they move in dreams, the illogical realism of Surrealism. 

 

31. Characteristics of film 

·        It is an audio visual medium because it has both video as well as audio in it.

·        It reaches mass audience hence it is a mass medium of entertainment.

·        It is narrative in nature. The story of the film is imaginary and narrative.

·        It comes in various genres such as action, thriller, romance, war, science fiction, etc.

·        It is approximately the length of 2 to 3 hours of running time in the theatre.

·        It is made in different languages depends upon the language the audience speak. In India it is made in Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada, Hindi, Bengali, Marathi, etc.

·        Either the film is made in the own language of the people or it is dubbed from other languages.

·        It is one way communication medium. There is no interaction between the medium and the viewer. 

 

32. Contribution of films to literacy culture

 

·        Cinema and Literature are two equally extraordinary works of art.

·        Literature was a popular form of expression during the 18th and 19th century, cinema has taken its place by the 20th century onwards.

·        Both have a similarity of taking its readers/audience to a different world.

·        One major strong point in cinema, which is absent in literature, is the advantage of visually showing the whole picture on the screen.

·        Literature takes its readers on a journey of imagination that is away from the real world while cinema shows through the imagination of the filmmakers.

·        Literature is an art which is developed through writing while cinema brings to life those writings  through sound, music, visuals, and actors.

·        Both need to be studied in order to completely understand a movie based on a piece of literature.

·        The first step of cinema is literature. Because once a film is in the process of making, it is the script, dialogues, and screenplay that are produced in order to develop it.

·        Cinema took its inspiration from tales and stories such as Aladdin, Ali Baba and Forty Thieves and developed films based on these stories or parts of these stories.

·        There have been several filmmakers who have adapted novels, plays, even poetry into films –  example Harry Potter

 

33. Role of songs in cinema 

·        Songs are all about combination of lyrics with music composition and we get those master pieces

·        The song is a metaphor for life’s problems, obstacles and challenges

·        The meaning of the song basically consist in words, they give the song thoughts, emotions and feelings.

·        It communicate and move the story forward within the short duration of time.

·        It makes the film commercially hit

·        It is music that gives our ears the feel, rhythm, vibrancy etc

·        It is one of the great entertainment element of cinema through music, lyrics and the dance.

·        Songs act like therapy which release tension and change the person in cool mood.

·        It is one of supporting element to the story.

·        It conveys different feelings such as happy, sad, angry, vibrant depends upon the story. 

 

34. Soviet cinema 

            ·        The cinema of the Soviet Union includes films produced by the constituent republics of         the Soviet Union reflecting their pre-Soviet culture, language and history.

            ·        The nation's film industry, which was fully, nationalized throughout most of the                 country's history, which introduced a new view on the cinema, socialist realism.

·        The leaders of the state held that film would be the most ideal propaganda tool for the Soviet Union.

·        Vladimir Lenin viewed film as the most important medium for educating the masses

·        Lenin issued the "Directives on the Film Business" which instructed to systemize the film business, registering and numbering all films shown, extracting rent from all privately owned cinemas and subject them to censorship.

·        World War I and Russian Revolution made the majority of cinemas had been in the corridor of Mosco.

·        Many performers, producers, directors and other artists of pre-Soviet Russia had fled the country.

·        The new government did not have the funds to spare for an extensive reworking of the system of filmmaking.

·        They initially opted for project approval and censorship guidelines while leaving what remained of the industry in private hands. 

 

35. European films

 

·        Cinema of Europe refers to the film industries and films produced in the continent of Europe.

·        Europeans were the pioneers of the motion picture industry, with several innovative engineers and artists making an impact.

·        The Lumiere Brothers established the Cinematography; which initiated the silent film era.

·        It provides the power of early European cinema and its long-lasting influence on cinema today.

·        European film movements include German Expressionism, Soviet Montage, French Impressionist Cinema, and Italian Neorealism contribute more to world cinema.

·        German Expressionism evoked people's emotions through strange and extremely visible to the eye.

·        Soviet Montage created famous film edits known as Kuleshov effect and intellectual montage. 

·        French Impressionist Cinema has crafted the essence of cinematography that showcased the birth of cinema by the Lumiere Brothers. 

·        Italian Neorealism designed the vivid reality through a human lens by creating low budget films outside directly on the streets of Italy.

·        All film movements were heavily influenced by the war but that played as a catalyst to drive the cinema industry to its most potential in Europe.

 

36. Indian film audience

 

·        Noisy, chatty Indian cinema audiences extract more from their movies than elsewhere.

·        Indian audiences like to see a film many times based on their preferences.

·        In India, "repeat viewing is a phenomenon that is fairly routine and cuts across age and gender.

·        Getting to know each movie well "allows a certain spontaneous involvement as viewers shout out comments to the screen, talk to characters, give them advice and take sides.

·        Male viewers belonging to the lower classes are known to leave lasting records in the theatre as they rip up upholstery in the seating with razor blades and knives when disappointed with the film or with viewing conditions

·        Theatres anticipate audience's actions and have made the seats close to the screen out of hard plastic.

·        Audiences take over a scene and reconstruct its meaning and impact.

·        Overly dramatic scenes are often mocked, as viewers use ridicule and irony to transform meaning and emotion.

·        Indian audiences give useful feedback to any film producer who cares to pay attention. Sometimes the feedback of audience is pleasing, guiding producers towards improvements in the structure, pacing and content of their next films.

·        Engaging with a narrative whose story is known is something Indian audiences have been doing for generations" with "performances of religious myths such as the Ramayana, Krishna Lila, dance-dramas whose stories most Indians know from childhood".

 

37. Mass media and its audience

·        Media audience we mean the recipients of Mass Media messages.

·        There is the audience of newspaper, television, radio, theatre, film and non-broadcast media.

·        Audience of the above media are heterogeneously scattered. They are a mixture of age, sex, profession, education and social class etc and are strangers to one another.

·        If there is no audience to purchase movie tickets and recording, subscribe to newspapers and magazines and attend to radio and TV programmes, no mass medium could stay in business.

·        The messages of TV newspapers and film etc,.are determined according to the nature and behavior of the target audience. 

Various categories of media audiences 

·        The elite audience comprises of highly educated people and their number in the society is small.

·        The mass audience represents the dominant majority in a society. They are relatively average people.

·        The specialized audience refers to the special interest groups in the society.

·        The interactive audience consists of those who have control over the communication process in a society. They may be newspapers journalists or radio or TV broadcasters 

 

38. Indian movies follow cultural adoption

 

·        From the times of first movie ‘Raja Harishchandra’ Indian cinema has undergone a paradigm shift. At each stage it has represented the important values and lifestyle of society.

·        During 1970s, 80s the villains in movies were mostly zamindars and industrialists who exploited small farmers and labourers. This led to glorification of poverty on screen where poor often fought for their rights and won.

·        A large number of Indian families migrated to other nations due to western movies.

·        Youth forms the major audience of cinema. The influence of cinema on their lifestyle, the music they listen to, their dressing sense, eating habits is evident.

·        The rural population and the elder population remain unaware of most of the developments in the world of cinema.

·        The shaping of popular culture, involves an influence of society such as its language, literature, music, art, beliefs etc.

·        All over India people dance to Bollywood beats in marriages and parties.

·        Some people doing Bhangra in South India and numerous people singing ‘Why this kolaveri di?’ in North India which shows Indian cinema reflects what is happening in society and influences the popular culture.

·        Today, children and youth greatly admire the display of outfits and style of the actors in the movies.

·        Even the modern outfits of actors and actresses enter into our daily life quickly. It shows that Indian cinema impacts Indian culture in different proportions in different regions.

·        Movies based on orthodox and regional anti-social activities like child marriage, exploitation, class conflicts, etc.have been eye-openers to those who practice.

·        In a nutshell, Indian Cinema hasn't been a big cultural revolutionary, as it also has its own limitations; with level of impact varying according to region, context and cultural aspect, in shaping the culture of the land.  

 

39. Film distribution system 

·        A film distributor is a person responsible for marketing a film i.e. one who distributes the film through the theaters after post-production

·        The distributor may set the release date of a film and the method by which a film is to be exhibited.

 

Methods of distribution

 

Theatrical distribution

 

·        It means the movie is going to screen on theatre.

·        The distributor is working with a theatrical exhibitor, secures a written contract stipulating the amount of the gross ticket sales the exhibitor will be allowed to retain.

·        The distributor must also ensure that enough film prints are struck to service all contracted exhibitors on the opening day.

 

International distribution

 

·        If the distributor is handling foreign film, it may also be responsible for securing dubbing or subtitling for the film, and securing censorship or other legal approval for the exhibition of the film in the country.

·        The studio will either have offices around the world or partnered with another studio, to distribute films in other countries.

·        The foreign distributor may license the film for a certain amount of time, but the studio will retain the copyright of the film. 

 

Early distribution windows

 

·        The studios revenue was gained from myriad (multiple) distribution windows.

·        These windows created many opportunities in the industry and allowed networks to make a profit and eliminate failure.

·        It is new method of distribution which is too small to reach.

 

 Non-theatrical distribution

 

·        It is used mainly in the British film industry, describes the distribution of feature films for screening to a gathered audience but not in theatres.

·        Non-theatrical screening is to be to a closed audience in some way, e.g. pupils of a school, members of a social club or passengers on an airline.

·        Most non-theatrical screening contracts also specify that the screening must not be advertised, except within the group that is eligible to attend.

 

Home video distribution

 

·        Some distributors only handle home video distribution such as DVD or Blu-ray distribution.

·        The distributor must arrange the design for the case and DVD and making copies of DVD.

·        Some movie producers use a process called "DVD-on-demand from the customer. 

 

40. Recent trends in Indian cinema / Changing trends in Indian cinema

 

·        Indian cinema is leveling up to the international level.

·        There are skilled professionals who have taken cinematography to an elevated level.

·        Film launches and promotions are happenings with careful research and marketing skills.

·        The earlier trends in Indian cinema was more specifically related to Indian audience but the recent trend is towards a global concept.

·        Parallel cinema is very much a reflection of the happenings in the society.

·        There are actors who are willing to explore their skills in experimenting with bold and untouched subjects. Actors are going global by also accepting offers abroad.

·        It is an idea to hold premiere shows abroad and releases are also designed to get the patronage (support) of the NRI audience.

·        Music in Indian cinema has gained prominence. Details of the background score is of international value.

·        The promos and teasers prior to release of a movie are slotted with television channels to attract the masses and spike their curiosity.

·        There are many aspiring talents who go through a perfect schedule of film grooming.

·        The protagonist of a film is very much supported by other star casting is the latest phenomenon.

·        Modern parallel cinema is bold, comedy is original, cult (trendy) films are being conceptualized and there is a constant passion to improve.

·        Indian film industry is using latest technologies such as latest camera, sound effects, CG, VFX, etc in making film.

 

41. Portrayal of women in Indian cinema

 

• It is true that the number of movies that have meaningful roles for women is increasing.
• Mother India is the first Indian cinema in which female actor is in the lead role.

• Roughly upto the 1980s, lead actresses have significant roles. Movies at that time used to have wonderful stories which totally reflected the society. But at the same time, filmmakers used to add ‘vamp’ characters in the movies to provide sexually explicit entertainment.
• This culture has not changed even now. Producers are adding item songs to gain commercial success.
• Since 1980 the role of lead actress started reducing to just an add-on to the hero-centric film.

• In recent times, many lead actresses are doing strong roles. As more and more women are joining in the film industry as directors, producers, actresses etc., the situation of female characters portrayal is improving.

• Most of the mainstream movies are male-centric. Lead actresses are treated as glam dolls in these movies.
• In many movies of present times, female characters are needlessly sexualized. Along with that, adding vulgar lyrics and dances in the name of item songs is very derogatory towards women.
• Lead actors are always shown as saviors. Women are shown as either helpless victims or cunning villains. In general, hero is the one who solves everyone’s including heroine’s problems.
• Movies depict actresses as unrealistically beautiful. This causes a lot of trauma and insecurity issues.

• Stalking (irritating) and eve-teasing are depicted as love in Indian movies. In many mainstream movies, female characters fall in love with these abusers.
• Heroines were portrayed as submissive, prefer to be homemaker, not career oriented and bears the brunt of abusive husband silently.
• Now the female characters in movies are more realistic and are many actresses are not doing such kind of meaningless roles.

 

42. Female stardom in Indian movies

·        Sulochana aka Ruby Myers was one of the earliest stars of the 1920s. She was the highest paid female actor during her time. She was a phenomenal presence in films like Cinema Queen, AmarunHidustan, etc.

·        Devika Rani was the grand niece of Rabindranath Tagore. She was British educated and well versed in multiple languages. She was considered as the finest Indian woman who symbolically stood for the ‘new modern Indian woman’.

·        DurgaKhote (angry young woman) was the action heroine of the early talkies. She had a reputation in her films for being outspoken, angry and hateful towards men. Her films like Maya Macchindra and Amar Jyoti showed fearsome women protagonists who are armed and dressed for free physical movement.

·        Madhubala made her fame known even in Hollywood. Actors like Ashok Kumar, Raj Kumar and Sunil Dutt were her co stars. 

·        The 1960s and 70s were owned by Vyjayanathimala, HemaMalini and Rekha who were the south Indian monopoly in Bollywood. Nargis was reserved for her sophisticated acting skills while Rekha and HemaMalini were the ‘sweet hearts’ of the crowd.

·        The 1980s was Sridevi’s era. She was known to be adaptable in roles without asking ‘hundreds of questions’ to the director.

·        The 1990s saw a Maharashtrian beauty with her iconic smile- Madhuri Dixit. Known as the arch rival of Sridevi in Bollywood, Dixit made a number of hits like Dil, Saajan, Koyla and Devdas.

·        AiswaryaRai- first branded as an ill starred heroine and then owned blockbusters. Kareena Kapoor’s and Katrina Kaif’s post millennial decades witnessed ‘item songs’ being established as chartbusters.

·        Today stardom is also about a strategic plotting of controversies and the consequent media coverage that includes, needless to say, social media.

·        With Padmavat DeepikaPadukone has become the talk of the town for some time. 

 

43. Film noir

 

·        Film noir is a cinematic term used primarily to describe stylish Hollywood crime dramas.

·        The 1940s and 1950s are generally regarded as the "classic period" of American film noir.

·        Film noir of this era is associated with a low-key light, black-and-white visual style that has roots in German Expressionist cinematography.

·        The term film noir, French for "black film" or "dark film" was first applied to Hollywood films.

·        Film noir encompasses a range of plots: the central figure may be a private investigator, a plainclothes policeman, an aging boxer, etc.

·        Although film noir was originally associated with American productions, the term has been used to describe films from around the world.

·        Many films released from the 1960s onward share attributes with film noirs of the classical period. 

 

44. K. Balachander 

·        He was an Indian film maker and play writer who worked mainly in the Tamil film industry.

·        Indian film industry knew him as a master of unconventional themes and hard hitting contemporary subject matter

·        His films are well known for the portrayal of women as bold personalities and central characters

·        He is referred to as IyakkunarSigaram

·        His films are usually centered on unusual and complicated interpersonal relationships and social themes.

·        In his 50 years of film carrier, he had contributed to nearly 100 feature films either as a screen writer or director

·        He has nurtured many actors notably Nagesh, Kamal Hassan, Rajinikanth, Nassar, Prakash Raj, Vivek, etc

·        He has won nine national film awards and 13 filmfare awards 

·        He was honored with Padmashri and DadasahebPhalke award

·        He had production house Kavithalaya and made films in Telugu, Tamil, Kannada and Hindi

·        His famous films are SindhuBiravi, ApoorvaRagangal, EkDuujeKeLiye, VarumaiyinNiramSivappu, ThilluMullu, etc

·        He directed television serials too 

 

45. J. Mahendran 

·        J. Alexander known professionally as Mahendran was an Indian film director screenwriter and actor

·        He has written script for 26 films

·        He has directed MullumMalarum, UthiriPookal, etc

·        His film NenjathaiKillathe won 3 national film awards including the award for best regional films

·        He acted in Tamil films Kamarj, Their, Petta, etc.

·        He was the head of direction department of BOFTA film institute in Chennai

·        Mahendran is regarded as one of the greatest filmmaker of Tamil cinema and has influenced several filmmakers 

 

46. Impact of film on society or on individual

 

·        Cinema can be a very powerful tool. Many leaders have used the power of film to help achieve their goals. Both Hitler and Stalin used film as propaganda and they did so very successfully.

·        Cinema can easily change people’s opinions and their outlooks on life. Good films almost always impact the viewer

·        There are also numerous ways in which movies affect society and the modern world we live in: some of them negative, some of them positive.

·        Films affect society is by expanding our knowledge of history and culture. An example of this is the Academy Award winner for best picture “Gladiator”. This film shows life of gladiators, the political situation of Rome at the time, and the overall state at which the world was.

·        Another huge way that movies affect society is through advertisement of different products in movies. Because when so many people watch the movie, surely some of them will want to buy the can of Coca-Cola.

·        People try to mimic things they’ve seen in cinema constantly and in numerous ways. For example, violence in films is very influential to many young viewers. People subconsciously try to be like some character they see in a film they very much like

·        Another way in which movies affect our modern world is that they help the economy grow and prosper. For every big blockbuster, action figures are created and distributed. Fans buy them for aesthetic and collectable value.

·        Films can also both improve and ruin the health of individuals. Being scared while watching a horror movie increases heart rate and blood pressure.

·        Films affect society through giving individual people the opportunity to fantasize and inspiring them about who they want to be.

·        Currently, movies are the most powerful form of art. Even though it’s called ‘the seventh art’, cinema is surely the most influential art form.

·        Movies can affect society in both positive and negative ways. They can help the economy grow, inspire individuals, and expand our basic knowledge of the world around us.

·        Movies can also create violence and bad habits, can make people greedier, and can send a bad message to the public.

·        Individuals must be careful about what they take from movies, since even the smallest thing can push them to do something bad or to become someone different. It’s fairly clear that movies affect society very much. Not only that, they shape the modern world we live in and help individuals develop. 

 

47. Hero worship culture in India

 

·        The four south Indian States and the Union Territory of Puducherry are home to a unique variant of fandom.

·        Each State—and every region within the State—has its own variant of the fan club.

·        Across the southern States we see the signs of activities by fan clubs on the streets. These range from leaflets, wall posters and giant plywood cut-outs of screen idols.

·        Fan club know as Rasigarmanram (Tamil) and abhimanasangha/sangham (Kannada/Telugu), formed by a group of 10-25 young men between 20 to 30 years of age who are poor or from the lower middle class.

·        Fans of female stars are not impossible to find, but it is usually the male star that is the centre of fan activity.

·        The Tamil superstar Rajinikanth alone reportedly has a hundred thousand clubs with a total of million-plus members.

·        Fan activity is carried out in the name of the star to promote him. It is a myth that fans are remote-controlled by stars or their offices.

·        When the Tamil superstar M.G. Ramachandran (MGR) died, as many as 31 people reportedly committed suicide.

·        Kannada star Rajkumar death from natural causes brought Bangalore to a complete standstill and several people died.

·        Often we can see clash with the fans of two hero’s generally placing cutout in front of the theatre.

·        Fans are, of course, movie buffs who spend the better part of their evenings in and around cinema halls: watching films, decorating them or simply hanging around talking about cinema and its stars.

·        Fans also participate in a wide range of activities such as feeding the poor, blood donation, disaster relief work, etc, that are completely unrelated to film watching. 

 

48. Tamil film industry or Growth of Tamil cinema

·        Tamil cinema is known as Kollywood, the filmmaking industry in Tamil language for the people of Tamil Nadu.

·        The first Tamil silent film, KeechakaVadham, was made by R. NatarajaMudaliar. 

·        The first talking film, Kalidas, was a multilingual and was released less than seven months after India's first talking motion picture AlamAra. 

·        Tamil cinema later had a profound effect on other filmmaking industries of India, establishing Madras as a secondary hub for Hindi cinema, other South Indian film industries, as well as Sri Lankan Cinema.

·        Tamil films from India established a global presence through distribution to an increasing number of overseas theatres in Singapore, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Japan, etc.

·        The industry also inspired independent filmmaking in Sri Lanka and Tamil diaspora populations in Malaysia, Singapore, and the Western Hemisphere.

·        Next to Hollywood, India’s Bollywood and Kollywood are supposed to be making a lot of films.

·        Tamil movies are now sliding down in their contents and quality. In Tamil filmdom today the star value has been considerably lost its power. 

·        After MGR and Sivaji, there was a vacuum and Kamalhaasan and Rajinikant emerged as the next super stars. But, in the present circumstances, stars like Vijay, Ajith or Surya do not command as much of dedicated fan following as the late MGR or Sivaji enjoyed or those of Kamal and Rajini. Indeed, it is in a way good; the doors are open to new comers and fresh talents.

·        The comedy is silly, the acts are clownish and irritating and the logics are just thrown in the wind in the narration.

·        Aesthetics have no value. The uglier the hero better will be reception because of common man identification.

·        Selfishness, crime and suicidal tendencies are promoted by these new gen writers’ movies.

·        Tamil movies today act as a wonderful catalyst for the dangerous creative urges of the writers and directors who try to cash on it and promote irresponsibility among youth to the extent possible.  

 

49. Silent movie or silent era

·        The work of Muybridge, Marey, and Le Prince laid the foundation for future development of motion picture cameras, projectors and transparent celluloid film, which lead to the development of cinema.

·        The art of motion pictures grew into full maturity in the "silent era". The height of the silent era was a particularly fruitful period, full of artistic innovation.

·        The film movements of Classical Hollywood as well as French Impressionism, German Expressionism, and Soviet Montage began in this period.

·        The silent era was also a pioneering one from a technical point of view such as three-point lighting, close-up, long shot, panning and continuity editing.

·        Color was far more prevalent in silent films than in the first few decades of sound films.

·        A silent film is a film with no synchronized recorded sound. In silent films for entertainment, the plot may be conveyed by the use of title cards, written indications of the plot and key dialogue lines.

·        Silent films were accompanied by live sounds. A pianist, theater organist or a small orchestra would often play music to accompany the films.

·        Sometimes a person would even narrate the title cards for the audience. Though at the time the technology to synchronize sound with the video did not exist.

·        The widespread production of silent films for popular entertainment had ceased, and the industry had moved fully into the sound era.

·        Most early motion pictures are considered lost because the nitrate film used in that era was extremely unstable and flammable.

·        Most silent films are poorly preserved and well preserved films are often played back at the wrong speed or suffer from censorship cuts and missing frames and scenes giving the appearance of poor editing.

·        Raja Harishchandra is the first silent movie in Indian directed by Dada SahebPhalke.

50. Maniratnam

 

·        Mani Ratnam, is an Indian film director, screenwriter, and producer who predominantly works in Tamil cinema.

·        The Government of India honoured him with the Padma Shri, acknowledging his contributions to film.

·        He has won several film awards and nominations including six National Film Awards, six Filmfare Awards South and three Bollywood Filmfare Awards.

·        He entered the film industry through the 1983 Kannada film PallaviAnuPallavi.

·        He directed MounaRagam which established him as a leading filmmaker in Tamil cinema.

·        Mani Ratnam is well known for his "Terrorism trilogy" consisting of Roja, Bombay and Dil Se.

·        He was "amazed" at Bharathiraja’s 16 Vayathinile, K. Balachander’sApoorvaRagangal and Mahendran’sMullumMalarum and Uthiripookkal and got interest to enter into film industry.

·        He has also directed ThirudaThiruda, Iruvar, Alaipayuthey, KannathilMuthamittal, AayuthaEzhuthu, Ravanan, etc. in Tamil 

51. Gender stereotype

 

·        In Indian films higher level roles are designated to males in terms of occupations in films. Lower level roles are designated to females.

·        Gender disparities do exist in Bollywood, that is rare to find plots focused on women.

·        Representation of female point of view is so less in the Indian film industry. This had been used as a prevention against women blossoming into individuals.

·        Indian Film Industry reflects the power dynamics of the Indian society whether regarding gender, religion or caste.

·        Females have been suppressed at the very bottom of the social hierarchy and thus, less representation of their point of view.

·        Female point of view is less in Indian films because of the male gaze. Everything is seen from the male point of view.

·        The year 2018 has been a banner year for women. In the first half of 2018, out of 10 hit films, seven were women-oriented and Padmaavat was the highest grossing among them.

·        In the last 10 years, the 2017 study detected only 289 female-centric movies.

·        The change may be slow. But the potential of films from this genre is increasing with time. Data in the 2017 study is proof of this. Back in the 70s, the percentage of females with central characters was seven in Hindi films.

·        "In the last three years, directors, producers, artists and professionals created gender-equal cinema.

·        One factor that has helped this category of films gain momentum is changing taste of audiences.

·        It is mandatory to make the right environment to educate more audience to view lady-oriented films.

 

52. Formalism and neo formalism 

Formalism 

·        Formalist film theory is a theory of film study that is focused on the formal, or technical elements of a film i.e. the lighting, scoring, sound and set design, use of color, shot composition and editing

·        For example take the single element of editing. A formalist might study how standard Hollywood continuity editing creates a more comforting effect and non-continuity or jump cut editing might become more confusing.

·        The shot selection goes from very wide to very close and tense; the length of the shots decreases as the sequence progresses towards its end; the music builds. All of these elements in combination rather than individually create tension.

·        The classical Hollywood has a very distinct style: continuity editing, massive coverage, three point lighting and mood music, dissolves, all designed to make the experience as pleasant as possible

·        Film noir is marked by lower production values, darker images, under lighting, location shooting, etc.

·        Also the German expressionists emigrated to America and brought their stylized lighting effects

·        The style or language of these films are directly affected not by the individuals responsible but by social, economic and political pressures 

Neo formalism 

·        Neo formalism is also an analytical approach in film theory developed by David Bordwell and Kristin Thompson

·        Neo formalism is an approach to film analysis based on an observation first made by the literary theorists known as the Russian Formalist: that there is a distinction between a story and the form that conveys the story

·        For example in a detective story the murder comes at the beginning of the chain of the events, but we find out the details about the murder at the end of the film, not in the beginning

·        It deals with the idea of defamiliarization

·        It rejects many assumptions and methodologies made by other schools of film study 

 

53. Technical aspects of film production 

Film types 

·        Film types are divided into three categories; realism, classical, and formalism. 

Shots 

·        Each scene of a film is broken down and dissected as a combination of the shots such as CU, XCU, LS, XLS, MS, etc

·        Shot selection has a significant impact on the way a viewer interprets the action on screen

·        Various combinations of shot usage can affect creating a different mood 

Mise-en-scene 

·        Translated from French, it means “placing on stage

·        It refers to everything placed on the stage or in front of the camera—including people 

Angles 

·        The camera angle helps the creator to establish different relationships between the subjects and even between the audience and the subjects.

·        Every camera angle (high, low, eye level) has its own importance and usage in the art of storytelling

·        These angles are also applied to evoke the sentiments of the spectator 

Lighting 

·        High key lighting, low key lighting, chiaroscuro lighting and silhouette / black lighting are main kinds of lighting used in film

·        A specific type of lighting produces a mood.

·        Comedy and Noir films tend to be more lit with different ways to invoke different moods. 

Color 

·        In film-making, the use of color plays a significant role to communicate the audience the tone of the scene

·        If you want to make a scene resonate with the audience emotionally, try using the color associated with the emotion you're trying to evoke

·        Saturated colors - Communicates optimism, fantasies, love, or some pleasant scenery

·        Desaturated colors - Communicates the past, strife, sorrow, or some other dystopia scenery 

Sound 

·        There are two main kinds of sound; diegetic and non-diegetic sounds, which are what build up the sound design for film.

·        Diegetic sound - Sound whose source is visible on the screen

·        Non-diegetic sound - The sound whose source is not visually noticeable on the screen nor has been applied by the action occurring in the film; basically, any sound that does not come from inside the story itself.

Editing 

·        The main job of the film's editor is to put together the shots involved in the storyline and make their flow as smooth and fluid as possible

·         Continuity: a breakdown of time and space while preserving fluidity.

·         Classical: This style bounces from long shot to medium shot to close up for invoking a dramatic effect.

· Radical Subjective Continuity: cuts of different time and space for dramatic effect.

·         Thematic: edits that are theme-driven.

·         Associative: the juxtaposition of two shots that when combined serve a purpose (but separate, they do not).

·         Dialectic: edits that are driven by expressing a contradiction. 

 

54. Characterization 

·        It is the process by which a character becomes fully realized in a narrative.

·        It is the process by which the writer reveals the personality of a character

·        It tells the audience what the personality of the character is. Ex – Vikram as Anniyan, Lawrence as Kanchana and Jyotika as Chandramuki

·        Both fiction and films employ characterization.

·        To illustrate the concept, think about how a movie first introduces a character to the viewer.

·        The camera may pick that character out of a crowd and focus on them.

·        Their voice may get filtered out of many conversations happening at once in a crowded restaurant.

·        In a few seconds, the viewer learns many things about them

·        Their tone of voice, the clothes they wear, and the kind of car they drive, the way they drink a cup of coffee all these are important elements of characterization.

 

55. Commercial movies 

·        Commercial films are made for mass appeal and for all ages for entertainment.

·        The films include comedy, dance, songs and grand settings and are shot at different locations.

·        In these films the roles are played by popular actors and actresses.

·        There may be many lead artists or popular star cast in the film depending on the story line.

·        Commercial film making crew also includes singers, choreographers, musicians etc.

·        These films are produced with huge budgets and may take longer period for the completion of the film.

·        To add special visual effects, hi-tech sets are used and large number of extra artists are cast in the films.

·        Huge campaigns, advertisements and star promotions of the films are held and publicized for the release.

·        These campaigns are conducted for the success of the film, popularity and for the revenue. 

56. Art film 

·        Art film focuses on realistic expressions of life and human relationships with a social message.

·        Art films aim at bringing out character's thoughts, views and dreams.

·        The films are not made for mass appeal, entertainment nor for profit.

·        Art films features more on a particular theme with social awareness with an aesthetic presentation.

·        Art films are usually without song and dance sequences.

·        The director's views, thoughts and expressions are more emphasized.

·        The films are low cost budgets and are shot at natural settings.

·        The number of artists cast are limited and the film would be completed at a shorter duration.

 

57. Importance of sound in film 

·        Background music, dialogue and special effects are the forms of sound

·        It communicates information to various situations

·        It creates feelings such as sadness, happiness, anger, etc

·        It is used to communicate the mood of the scene

·        Dialogue is used to reveal the character communicating information, etc

·        BGM is used to communicate the feelings, create tension and thrilling moment

·        Special effects are used to establish the environment

·        Sound moves the film forward

58. Entertainment varies from people to people 

·        Children likes animation films because they love various the characters in it

·        Youth likes commercial film, romance and actions films

·        Aged people like family oriented subject movies

·        Middle age people used to watch romance, action and family oriented films

·        Kerala people like to make and watch realism movies

·        Telugu and Hindi people expect dance, fast beat songs, action, and punch dialogue

·        Hollywood makes many films in animation and science fiction for their audience

·        Almost all the people like to watch comedy films 

 

59. Film review 

·        Introduction includes the name of the movie, its release date, and other background information.

·        Summary: Provide a brief overview of the story.

·        Analysis of the event: Analyze the important events like rising action, climax, etc. and

·        Creative elements (dialogues, characters, use of colors, camera techniques, mood, tone, symbols, costumes or anything that contributes or takes away from the overall plot) 

 

60. Fight sequence in film 

·        In many Indian films the fight sequence is not real. One person beating 10 to 20 villains is impossible

·        It is purely for the entertainment purpose. People enjoy fight if hero beat villain and become sad when villain beat hero

·        Fight scenes lead to violence in society. People watch fight scene in movie wanted to behave like the same

·        It releases audience stress while hero aggressively fight with villain and win

·        Some audience like fights in cinema particularly someone in film fight against corruption, bribe, etc which they wanted to do in their life

·        Audience are frightened while watching heavy violence in cinema such as bomb blast, cutting parts of body, murdering is not tolerable.

·        Properties get damaged in the fighting scenes. Fight in the market wasting vegetable and fruits

·        Sometimes even the vehicles are damaged or blasted. The person who is fighting in the scene get injured or loss some parts of the body

·        Fight scenes increase our heart beat, blood pressure and BGM create big noise because of high volume sound

·        Differences of opinion between the antagonist and protagonist makes them to fight 

 

61. Film promotion 

Promotion is the practice specifically in the film industry. It is a kind of advertisement to inform people about film 

Methods of film promotion 

Television promotion 

·        Film advertisements are shown in television between programs

·        It can be before or after releasing of film

·        Songs, fight, dialogue, music are used to promote film in television advertising 

Print advertisement 

·        Poster of a film is printed on newspaper and magazines

·        Theatre name, actors name, music director, producer, director names are printed in it 

Radio advertisement 

·        Film advertisements are done orally through radio

·        Film name, cast & crew name, music, dialogue are coming in radio advertisement 

Theatre advertisement 

·        The new film going to be released soon is shown in theatre

·        It is shown to the public during break to attract them 

Promotion through internet 

·        Films and songs are available in the internet to access for public

·        It is an effective way of promotion to reach globally 

Teaser 

·        Before releasing the film, teaser is broadcast in TV, radio, internet and theatres

·        Important song clips, catchy dialogue, music are used to prepare teaser

·        It is very important to attract and get the attention of people 

Cast and crew interview 

·        Cast and crew are interviewed by a television presentation

·        The story location, songs, interesting moments and problems faced during shooting are discussed 

Sponsor 

·        Films sponsors programs of any event

·        During the program film name and its information's are announced 

Poster 

·        It is big sized printed material displayed in theatre and road side walls

·        Film name, hero, heroine faces are printed in big size 

Audio launching 

·        This function is done before releasing the film

·        This function is covered by the print and electronic media and shown to public 

 

62. Define Hollywood cinema 

·        Hollywood is the world’s leading center of film production

·        MGM and Paramount are the important film making companies in America

·        The popular comedian of American film industry was Charlie Chaplin. His film was sentimental and less technical 

·        Hollywood responded to the success of foreign filmmakers by inviting them to work in America

·        Famous film stars also moved to Hollywood

·        Musicals were popular genre of film after invention of sound

·        Laurel and Hardy were the famous characters in American films

·        The horror film had gained importance after invention of sound and technology

·        Gangster films were successful in America

·        Animated films had become part of Hollywood films

·        The contribution of Disney world and warner brothers to American film was appreciable

 

63. Director Shankar

 

·        Shankar, started his film career as assistant director, is an Indian film maker who predominantly works in Tamil cinema.

·        He made his debut as a director in the film Gentleman, for which he won the Filmfare Best Director and the Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Director.

·        Shankar's films typically deal with the contemporary social issues and vigilante themes.

·        He is one of the highest paid, and innovative film directors of India, particularly known for extensive use of visual effects, makeup, and state-of-art technology in songs.

·        He usually collaborates with composer A.R. Rahman, both having done over 10 films together.

·        Two of his films, Indian and Jeans, were submitted by India for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.

·        His movie 2.0 is the second highest grossing film in India and is the sixth highest grossing Indian film worldwide.

·        He has also directed Tamil films such as Anniyan, Boys, Enthiran, Kadhalan, Mudalvan, Nayakan, Sivaji, etc.