FILM ANALYSIS AND CRITICISM
PART – A
1. Montage
· The technique of selecting, editing and joining together various sections of film
·
It conveys story using short shots
·
It is a modernist movement initially in
poetry and painting
·
In cinema it is associated with titling,
impossible sets, high angles, etc
· The common attribute of neo realism is location shooting and the dubbing of dialogue
·
· Example : Girls should play with dolls and boys should play with trucks, Boys should be directed to like blue and green; girls toward red and pink.
· It is a method in which pictures are manipulated to appear as moving images
·
They are graphics, 2D and 3D animations
· It is characterized by juxtaposition and frequent use of shocking imagery
·
Surrealists films created a revolution in
cinema by providing with linear narrative and plots
· It is the act of depicting women and the world from a masculine perspective
· It represents women as sexual objects for the pleasure of the male viewer
· Aesthetics deals with the nature of beauty and taste
· It examines aesthetic values often expressed through judgments of taste.
· Aesthetics covers both natural and artificial sources of aesthetic experience and judgment
9. Author theory / Auteur theory
· Auteur Theory is a way of looking at films that state that the director is the “author” of a film
· The director is viewed as the major creative force in a motion picture.
10. Exposition
· Narrative exposition is the insertion of background information within a story or narrative.
· This information can be about the setting, characters' backstories, prior plot events, historical context, etc.
· He is an Indian film director and screenwriter
· With his first four feature films ANKIR, Nishant, Manthan and Bhumika was part of new genre called middle cinema in India
12. Feminism
· It is a range of social movement, political movement and ideologies that share the common goal
· It is to establish and achieve the political, economic, personal and social equality of men and women
·
Myths are stories call up images of gods and heroes,
or stories that attempt to illustrate the world and humanity's place within it.
· A scene is generally thought of as the action in a single location
· Narratives can be presented through a sequence of written or spoken words, still or moving images, or any combination of these.
· A motif in film can be presented in a number of ways like physical items, sound design, lines of dialogue, music, colors, and symbols.
· Images like a child's doll, birds, mirrors, trees, skulls, and even things like the letter "X" showing up all over the X-men movies are motif examples
· Conflict occurs when the main character struggles with either an external conflict or an internal conflict.
· Conversely, a scene in which only part of the frame is in focus and the rest is rendered blurry is called a shallow depth of field.
· They generally depend on stereotyped character development, interaction, and highly emotional themes.
· In fact, watching a movie itself may also be a voyeuristic activity in its nature in that the audience seeks pleasure in looking at lives of other people.
· The character think / tell others of what happened in past
· It is usually a very wide or extreme wide shot
·
It helps to convey a message
to audience effectively.
· Also referred to as a pinhole image, it lets light in through a small opening on one side and projects a reversed and inverted image on the other.
25. Digital cinema
·
Digital cinema refers to
adoption of digital technology
within the film industry to distribute or project motion pictures
·
A digital movie can be distributed to cinemas in a number
of ways: over the Internet, satellite links, or by sending hard drives, etc.
· This story structure is used to mimicking human memory or showing a series of separate sub-plots that are in some way interlinked
· The technique has been used in many fields such as news casting, motion picture, and video game industries.
· Ellipses are also used to advance the story
· The Sound Designer is responsible for obtaining all sound effects, whether recorded or live for a specific production.
· The term has also come to refer to any large-budget production intended for "blockbuster" status, aimed at mass markets
· That is without using "I" or "we": "he did that, they did something else."
· On a film or TV set, the person who holds the clapperboard in front of the camera for about one second at the start of each shot after the camera starts rolling
· It is founded in Hollywood, is a cultural, educational, and professional organization
· Form can be defined as the total system of relationships at work in the film.
· Films are not random collections of signifiers, but rather dynamic sets of relations.
35. Magic Lantern
· It used pictures, paintings, prints, or photographs on transparent plates, one or more lenses, and a light source.
· It is the end part of the movie which comes in third act of three act structure.
· The diegesis includes the fictional time, place, characters, and events
· It also refers to the projection format in which a distorted image is "stretched" by an anamorphic projection lens to recreate the original aspect ratio on the viewing screen
· They generally tend to appeal more to a younger female audience and deals mainly with love and romance.
· A low-angle shot from a runner would be considered subjective.
· Eg - editing of visuals and/or audio, filming techniques, and even the mode of presentation
· It results in an image that is almost two and a half times as wide as it is high.
· In the performing arts industry such as theatre, film, or television, a casting is a pre-production process for selecting a certain type of actor, dancer, singer, etc
· Crew includes director of photography, camera operator, boom operator, production designer, etc
· It also outlines the daily shooting schedule for the day, informs the cast and crew of weather conditions, parking regulations, and all other relevant details.
· This creates a glowing effect on the edges of the subject, while other areas are darker
· It is used for dialogue scenes, but also depicts body language and more of the setting.
· Narrative films are composed of sequences
· The elite are a small group of powerful people who hold a huge amount of wealth, privilege, political power, or skill in a society.
· In deep focus, the foreground, middle-ground, and background are all in focus.
· It takes a narrative forward in time from its current action.
· Action, war, love, science fiction, romance are some of the examples of film genre
· They invented a camera that could record, develop, and project film
· Film noir encompasses a range of plots: the central figure may be a private investigator, an aging boxer, a law-abiding citizen lured into a life of crime, etc
· The elements of plots are exposition, conflict, raising action, climax, and conclusion
· Psycho, Vertigo, Rear window, Strangers on a train are some of his best films
· He is one of the most influential filmmakers in the history of cinema.
· The quasi-biographical film examines the life and legacy of Charles Foster Kane
· Iranian films are usually written and spoken in the Persian language.
· Director, casting director, producer, VFX specialist are comes under this category
· The story can be told in a fair manner without representing one sided
· It presents a dramatized version of the mutiny that occurred when the crew of the Russian battleship Potemkin rebelled against its officers.
· They are commonly found in literature, film, and video games
· Satyajit Rays Apu Trilogy is an example for trilogy film
· In film analysis, the term mise en scene refers to everything in front of the camera, including the set design, lighting, and actors
· Media messages are constructed using a creative language with its own rules.
· He argued that personality is formed through conflicts among three fundamental structures of the human mind: the id, ego, and superego.
· He is known for his work Apu Trilogy
· Jurassic park, ET, the post, war of the worlds are some of his filmography
· He is best known for creating 'The Godfather' film series
· With the release of his first feature film Swayamvaram, Adoor pioneered the new wave in Malayalam cinema
· Miniatures or models are used to represent things that do not really exist, or that are too expensive or difficult to film in reality, such as explosions, floods or fires.
· This is a technique that allows the precise control and the repetition of camera movements.
· There are also some special effects in photography that are created using motion control.
PART B & C
1. Film Genre
FILM GENRE - A film genre is a motion-picture category based on similarities either in the narrative elements or in the emotional response to the film. Genre consists of four elements or parts: character, story, plot and setting.
Action film
Action films usually include high
energy, big-budget physical stunts and chases, possibly with rescues, battles,
fights, escapes, destructive crises (floods, explosions, natural disasters,
fires, etc.), spectacular rhythm and pacing, and adventurous, often
two-dimensional 'good-guy' heroes or heroines battling 'bad guys'.
Adventure film
Adventure films are usually exciting stories, with new experiences, very similar to or often paired with the action film genre. They can include "jungle" and "desert" epics, treasure hunts, disaster films, or searches for the unknown.
Comedy film
Comedies are light-hearted plots consistently and deliberately designed to amuse and provoke laughter by exaggerating the situation, the language, action, relationships and characters. Various forms of comedy include slapstick, screwball, spoofs and parodies, romantic comedies, black comedy and more.
Crime film
Crime (gangster) films are developed around the disturbing actions of criminals particularly bank robbers, underworld figures, or ruthless hoodlums who operate outside the law, stealing and murdering their way through life. The criminals or gangsters are often counteracted by a detective-protagonist. This category also includes various 'serial killer' films
Drama film
Epic film
Epics include costume dramas, historical dramas, war films that often cover a large expanse of time set against a vast, panoramic backdrop. Epics often share elements of the elaborate adventure films genre. Epics take an historical or imagined event, mythic, legendary, or heroic figure, and add an extravagant setting or period, lavish costumes, and accompany everything with grandeur and spectacle, dramatic scope, high production values, and a sweeping musical score.
Horror film
Horror films are designed to frighten and to invoke our hidden worst fears, often in a terrifying, shocking finale, while captivating and entertaining us at the same time in a cathartic experience. Horror films are often combined with science fiction when the monster is related to a corruption of technology, or when Earth is threatened by aliens. There are many sub-genres of horror: psychological, survival, serial killers, zombies, monsters, Dracula, etc.
Musical/dance films are cinematic forms that emphasize full-scale scores or song and dance routines in a significant way (usually with a musical or dance performance integrated as part of the film narrative), or they are films that are centered on combinations of music, dance, song or choreography.
Science fiction film
Sci-fi films are often quasi-scientific, visionary and imaginative - complete with heroes, aliens, distant planets, impossible quests, improbable settings, fantastic places, great dark and shadowy villains, futuristic technology, unknown and unknowable forces, and extraordinary monsters ('things or creatures from space'), created by mad scientists. Science fiction often expresses the potential of technology to destroy humankind.
War film
War
films acknowledge the horror and heartbreak of war, letting the actual combat
fighting (against nations or humankind) on land, sea, or in the air provide the
primary plot or background for the action of the film. War films are often
paired with other genres, such as action, adventure, drama, romance, comedy,
suspense. They may include stories of military operations, and training.
2. Montage and its type
Montage is a technique in film
editing in which a series of short shots are edited into a sequence to
condense space, time, and information. It was introduced to cinema primarily by
Sergei Eisenstein and early Soviet directors used it as a synonym for
creative editing.
Types of Montages
· Metric
montage - Metric montage refers to the length of the shots relative to one
another. Regardless of their content, shortening the shots abbreviates the time
the audience has to absorb the information in each shot. This increases the
tension resulting from the scene. The use of close-ups with shorter shots
creates a more intense sequence.
·
Rhythmic
montage - Rhythmic montage refers to continuity arising from the visual pattern
within the shots. Continuity based on matching action and screen
directions are examples of rhythmic montage. This type of montage has
considerable potential for portraying conflict because opposing forces can be
presented in terms of opposing screen directions as well as parts of the frame.
· Tonal
montage - Tonal montage refers to editing decisions made to establish the
emotional character of a scene, which may change in the course of the scene.
Tone or mood is used as a guideline for interpreting tonal montage.
· Overtonal montage - Overtonal montage is the interplay of metric, rhythmic, and tonal montages. That interplay mixes pace, ideas, and emotions to induce the desired effect from the audience.
· Intellectual
montage - Intellectual montage refers to the introduction of ideas into a
highly charged and emotionalized sequence. The
practice of cutting according to the shot’s relationship to an intellectual
concept.
3. Film form
Narrative cinema
·
Narrative films tell a story
·
These films screened in theatre broadcast on
TV and sold as DVD
·
It is also called fiction (imaginary tale)
film
·
The film maker has the freedom to create
story
·
Fictional films are composed by a string of
events
·
It follows three act structure of story
telling
·
The introduction of characters at first then
the conflict and finally tells solution.
Documentary (non-narrative film)
·
Documentary film making is concerned with the
real facts and historical event – ex – life history of Mahatma Gandhi
·
It is called non - fiction films
·
It has voice over to demonstrate the visual
·
The film maker must produce the evidence for
source of information is documented
·
Interviews with the people is part of
documentary
·
An expert witness in the concerned subject is
important for documentary
Experimental film
·
This type of movie is trying something new
and different
·
These films are rare and unpopular
·
It is neither narrative nor documentary
·
These films are not following three act story
structures.
·
·
The goal is often to place the viewer in a more active
and more thoughtful relationship to the film.
·
Most such films are made on very low budgets,
self-financed or financed through small grants, with a minimal crew or, often a
crew of only one person, the filmmaker.
4. Gender stereotype
· In Indian films higher level roles are designated to males in terms of occupation in films, lower level roles are designated to females
· Gender disparities exist in Bollywood that is rare to find plots focused on women
· Representation of female point of view is so less in the Indian film industry. This had been used as a prevention against women blossoming into individuals
· Indian film industry reflects the power dynamics of the Indian society whether regarding gender, religion or caster
· Females have been suppressed at the very bottom of the social hierarchy and thus, less representation of their point of view
· The year 2018 has been a banner year for women. In the first half of 2018, out of 10 hit films seven were women oriented films and Padmavath was the highest grossing among them.
· In the last 10 years, the 2017 study detected only 289 female centric films
· The change may be slow but the potential of films from this genre is increasing with time. Data in the 2017 study is proof of this. Back in the 70s the percentage of females with central characters were 7 in Hindi films
· In last three years directors, producers, artists and professionals created gender equal cinema
· One factor that has helped this category of films gain momentum is changing taste of audiences
· It is mandatory to make the right environment to educate more audience to view lady oriented films
5. Film noir
· Film Noir is a cinematic term used primarily to describe stylish Hollywood crime dramas
· The 1940s and 1950s are generally regarded as the classic period of American film noir
· Film Noir of this era is associated with a low key light, black and white, visual style that has roots in German expressionism
· The term, Film Noir, French for black or dark film was first applied to Hollywood films
· It encompasses the range of plot, the central figure may be private investigator, policeman, etc.
· Although film noir was associated with American production, the term has been used to describe films from around the world
· Many films released from 1960 onward share attributes of film noirs.
6. Portrayal of women in Indian cinema
·
It is true that the number of movies that
have meaningful roles for women is increasing.
·
Mother India is the first Indian cinema in
which female actor is in the lead role.
·
Roughly upto the 1980s, lead actresses have
significant roles. Movies at that time used to have wonderful stories which
totally reflected the society. But at the same time, filmmakers used to add
‘vamp’ characters in the movies to provide sexually explicit entertainment.
·
This culture has not changed even now.
Producers are adding item songs to gain commercial success.
·
Sin
·
In recent times, many lead actresses are
doing strong roles. As more and more women are joining in the film industry as
directors, producers, actresses etc., the situation of female characters
portrayal is improving.
·
Most of the mainstream movies are
male-centric. Lead actresses are treated as glam dolls in these movies.
·
In many movies of present times, female
characters are needlessly sexualized. Along with that, adding vulgar lyrics and
dances in the name of item songs is very derogatory towards women.
·
Lead actors are always shown as saviors.
Women are shown as either helpless victims or cunning villains. In general,
hero is the one who solves everyone’s including heroine’s problems.
·
Movies depict actresses as unrealistically
beautiful. This causes a lot of trauma and insecurity issues.
·
Stalking (irritating) and eve-teasing are
depicted as love in Indian movies. In many mainstream movies, female characters
fall in love with these abusers.
·
Heroines were portrayed as submissive, prefer
to be homemaker, not career oriented and bears the brunt of abusive husband silently.
·
Now the female characters in movies are more
realistic and are many actresses are not doing such kind of meaningless roles.
7. German expressionism
· It was initially restricted to Germany due to isolation after world war II
· In 1916, the German government had banned foreign films
· Creative movement in cinema began in Germany
· It was a direct reaction against realism
· It used extreme distortions in expression to show an inner emotion
· The story dealt with madness, intellectual topics, etc
· It is to enhance the mood of a film
· It influences on modern film making particularly on horror films
8. French new wave
· Director is the author of the movie
· The film experimenting with different filmmaking techniques and method of editing and method of editing
· They use jump cut to create interest in film
· They used improvised dialogue in the film to create emotions
· They record sound during shooting itself
· They used natural lighting (sun and moon light) for shooting
· They shoot film on location
· The budget of film is low
· Genuine explosion of film that rejected old methods of film making
· New wave films spread to countries like Britain, Germany, etc
9. Italian neo realism
· Realism refers to the believability of its characters and events in a film
· Italian Neo Realism is also known as golden age of Italian cinema
· Italian films showed the condition of people everyday life including poverty, injustice, etc
· It was a sign of cultural change and social progress in Italy
· Film presented new stories and ideas
· Films were shoe in streets, since film studios had been damaged during world war
· Neo realist films were filmed with non-professional actors
· Well known actors were aced in leading roles in front of available background
· The attribute of Neo Realism is location shooting
· It avoids lighting and camera works
· The idea was to create a greater sense of realism through the use of real people
· These films explore the condition of poor and lower working class
· These films were made for the development of Italy
10. Film is a medium of communication
· It performs the functions of mass media such as inform, educate and entertain.
· It is used for transmission of culture from one generation to another
· They generate mass mediated culture arising from elite, folk, popular and mass origins. Audiences follow their hero / heroine’s dress code, attitude, etc.
· Through cinema we perceive the world around us. Story based on various locations help us to know their language, habit, behavior, etc.
· It provides ideas to visualize our society.
· Films appeal to their primary emotions and sentiments of the viewer with its content such as happy, sad, etc.
· Information spread through cinema still fresh in minds of people
· Films combine visualize, movement, sound, theatre, music all in one to communicate the message effectively.
· Cinema language is universal which helps in breaking social and cultural barriers. Without understanding the language people understand the message with the help of visuals and music
· It educates even an illiterate people through dialogue, concept, music, shots, angle.
· Films have been effective in projecting social evils such as bribe, corruption, theft, robbery, etc.
· Films have been exposing under world elements, bureaucrats, unemployment problem, etc.
· It can stimulate values of good life and citizenship through its content.
11. Apu Trilogy
· Trilogy is a series of 3 complete books, films or creative works that are related to a theme
· The Apu Trilogy comprises of 3 Bengali films directed by Satyajit Ray Pather Panchali, Aparajito and Apur Sansar
· The 3 films showed childhood, education and early maturity of a young Bengali named Apu.
Pather Panchali (song of little road) Apu’s early experiences in rural Bengal as the son of a poor but high cast family are presented. Apu’s father Harihar a Brahmin has difficulty in supporting his family. After the death of Apu’s sister Durga the family moves to the holy city of Benaras.
Aparajito (the unvarnished) – the family finances are still poor. After his father dies there Apu and his mother Sarbajaya came back to a village in Bengal. Despite in poor condition Apu manages to get formal schooling and turns out to be brilliant student. That growing Apu comes into conflict with his mother. Later when Apu’s mother dies too he has to learn to live alone.
12. Characteristics of film medium
· It is an audio visual medium because it has both video as well as audio in it.
· It reaches mass audience hence it is a mass medium of entertainment.
· The story of the film is imaginary and narrative. It follows three act structure namely first act, second act and third act.
· It comes in various genres such as action, thriller, romance, war, fiction, etc.
· It is approximately the length of 2 to 3 hours of running time in theatre.
· It is made in different languages depends upon the language the audience speak. In India it is made in Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada, Hindi, etc.
· Either the film is made in the own language of the people or it is dubbed from other languages.
· It is one way communication medium. There is no interaction between the medium and the viewer.
· Film is generally projected in 35 mm and 70 mm screen
· It creates more impact on public
· Graphics and animations are part of cinema
13. Story
·
A story can be defined as an account of imaginary or real
events.
·
A story consists of a plot, characters,
chapters, etc.
·
Different modes of storytelling like novels, short
stories, blogs, narratives all have a story to tell and they are very popular
these days.
·
This clearly suggests that a story refers to two
different things. In a story, the reader is left along with his imagination on
many points so that he can explore the universe on his own. While you will get
even minute details in a script and no room for imagination is left while
writing this.
·
A story gives the reader a clear account of characters
through some subplots.
·
Chapters in a story also suggest the same and through
each chapter, the writer slowly builds up his story.
·
A story also carries characters. A story is a journey
where new information about the characters is revealed to the reader and it
develops the story more interesting.
·
It leaves the reader to use his own interpretation to
embrace the story in a more dynamic form.
·
In a script, there are scenes. A script is a written text generally created
for a film, play, TV serial, etc.
·
It provides a elaborated explanation of the incidents and
characters.
·
·
Scriptwriters write their script in the present tense as
well as in the dialogue form.
·
A script comprises multiple scenes and the climate is
nicely mentioned in each scene. For instance, what the actor is going to
perform. What are his/her dialogues and what are his movements?
14. Film and politics in Tamilnadu
·
Tamil people have always held two things close to
their hearts – films and politics.
·
Tamil Nadu’s first chief minister, CN Annadurai, along
with Karunanidhi, were the first scriptwriters who pushed forth the agenda of
Dravidian ideologies.
·
Sivaji Ganesan and SSR kept the message of Dravidian
movement rolling in their films
·
A growing independent popularity, Annadurai's death and
Karunanidhi's open push for his first son MK Muthu formed Anna Dravida Munnetra
Kazhagam (ADMK), which was later renamed to All India Anna Dravida Munnetra
Kazhagam (AIADMK).
·
His popularity and astute political alliances helped MGR
topple the DMK during the next assembly elections in 1977, paving the way for
Tamil politics
·
MGR's demise, thrust the light upon another film star
J.Jayalalitha
·
In 1989 assembly elections 41-year-old Jayalalithaa
entered the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly to become the leader of the opposition.
·
Both the AIADMK and DMK having production houses in the
Tamil film industry.
·
Top actors, both male and female, would have to select
sides and regularly take part in photos.
·
The DMK even had actor Napoleon, selected as the Minister
of State for Social Justice and Empowerment in Prime Minister Manmohan Singh's
cabinet.
·
While Kamal Haasan and Rajinikanth's political foray have
taken over headlines, actor Vijayakanth had created similar ripples back in
2005.
·
Vijayakanth launched Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam
(DMDK), a regional political party with center-left ideologies.
·
On the other hand, after stints with both AIADMK and DMK
for more than a decade, actor R Sarath Kumar launched his own political party –
All India Samathuva Makkal Katchi in 2007.
15. Importance of cinematography
·
·
It is the aspect of film-making,
where a cinematographer decides which camera and lighting effects should be
used while filming scenes in a movie.
·
This is the part of movie-making
that tests the creativity of the people behind the scenes.
·
If the cinematography of a film or
a video isn’t right, then the film may not really work.
·
The cinematographer chooses the
right film speed, film gauge and color sensitivity required for recording the
moving images.
·
Cinematographers use filters for
making a more dramatic effect for a specific scene in a movie.
·
The lens chosen by a
cinematographer has an impact on the look, feel and effect of the video.
·
Skilled cinematographer chooses the
right framing and aspect ratio.
·
Cinematographer use suitable lights
to evokes the right emotions
·
Cinematographer conveys feelings
through camera shot, angle and movement
16. Plot
·
Plot is described as the events that
make up a story, or the main part of a story.
·
These events relate to each other in a
pattern or a sequence.
·
The plot focuses attention on the important characters
and their roles in the story.
·
It motivates the characters to affect the story, and
connects the events in an orderly manner.
·
The plot creates a desire for the reader to go on reading
by absorbing them in the middle of the story, ensuring they want to know what
happens next.
·
The plot leads to the climax, but by gradually releasing
the story in order to maintain readers’ interest.
·
Reader gets emotionally involved, connecting with the
book, not allowing himself to put the book down.
·
The plot reveals the entire story, giving the reader a
sense of completion that he has finished the story and reached a conclusion.
·
The plot is what forms a memory in readers’ minds,
allowing them to think about the book and even making them want to read it
again.
·
The reader is able to understand the message being
conveyed by the author, and the moral of the story.
17. Types of camera shots
Shot in filmmaking is a series of frames that runs for an uninterrupted period of time.
Extreme Long Shot
· The extreme wide shot or extreme long shot is all about showing the world in which the story takes place.
· In an extreme wide we will see large landscapes in the frame.
· Whether it is the desert or outer space, the audience should get a feel for the time and the place they are about to spend the next two hours.
· Though characters can be introduced in an extreme wide, they would be very tiny in context to the backdrop
· An extreme wide shot is often an establishing shot.
Long Shot
· A wide shot, often referred to as a long shot
· The characters can be seen from head to toe
· This shot is used to show how the character is small in relation to the vast surroundings.
· When the term long shot is emphasized, it can mean that the camera is farther away from the subject, making them even smaller.
· A wide shot can also be a master shot, which is used to introduce a new location like a dining room or restaurant.
· It gives the audience a sense of geography so when the camera goes in tighter, they can understand who is where.
Medium Shot
· The medium shot shows the character from the waist up.
· Medium shots are often used in dialog scenes.
· It is also known as a cowboy shot.
· This shot is about revealing information.
· You can see more detail than you can in a wide shot.
Close-Up Shot
· A close-up frames the character’s face.
· It gives more detail that tells us how a character feels.
· A close-up highlights emotional clues in the eyes.
· It is more intimate so the audience can feel what the character is feeling.
Medium Close-Up Shot
· Halfway between the close-up and the medium shot is the medium close-up
· It frames the subject from the shoulders up.
· This shot might be used to show more body language, some emotion and facial expressions.
· Medium close-up can reveal more information, but it is not as intimate as a close-up.
Extreme Close-Up Shot
· An extreme close-up frames even tighter on a face (or subject), highlighting facial features more.
· It usually frames a particular part of the face like the eyes or the mouth.
· It is even more intimate than the close-up
· It is used to show more intense emotion.
Two Shot
Over-the-Shoulder Shot
In addition to subject size within a frame, shot types can also indicate where a camera is placed in relation to the subject. Here are some commonly used terms:
Eye Level Angle
High Angle
Low Angle
· The camera lens is facing up (from below the eye level) to capture the video
· This can have the effect of making the subject look powerful, heroic, or dangerous.
· Taking a photograph from a low angle, also know as a ‘worm’s-eye view’, makes subjects appear larger than normal.
Dutch Angle
· It is often used to show a disoriented or uneasy psychological state.
· That is the subject is not entirely right.
· Dutch angles can be artfully utilized to tell us that something is wrong.
· Maybe the subject is in danger, or their state of mind isn’t properly grounded.
Bird eye angle
· The Bird's Eye photos are angled at 40 degrees rather than being straight down.
· Satellite imaging programs and photos have been described as offering a viewer the opportunity to "fly over" and observe the world from this specific angle.
19. Types of camera movements
The way a camera moves can give meaning to what's happening on screen.
1. Pan
· Turning the camera lens horizontally from left to right or right to left.
· Moving the camera from left to right is called pan right.
· Moving the camera from right to left is called pan left.
· It is used to follow the objects.
2. Tilt
· Moving the camera lens up or down is called tilt.
· Tilt up means that the camera is made to point up and tilt down means made to point down.
· Tilt down is used to show the character weak and tilt up is to show the character strong.
3. Zoom
· Here the camera is static, only the lens moves.
· Zoom in means showing the object in big size, zoom out means showing it in small size.
· Zoom in used to show emotions of the character
· A zoom shot gives the viewer feeling that the subject or object is coming toward or away to the viewer.
4. Dolly
· Moving the camera toward or away from the subject is dolly.
· Move the camera closer to the object is dolly in and away from object is dolly out.
· A dolly shot gives the viewer feeling that they are moving toward or away from the subject.
5. Trucking
· Moving the camera laterally.
· The camera moves left to right (or right to left)
· It maintains the same distance from the subject.
· We would need to have the camera in the street, moving parallel with our subject.
6. Pedestal
· Moving the camera up or down, while keeping the lens at a constant angle.
· Pedestal up means raise the camera, pedestal down means lowering the cameras.
· The whole time keeping the camera’s lens at a 90° angle to the ground.
7. Jimmy jib
· It is a triangular crane system which uses an arm supporting a camera at one end and a counterweight at the other.
· The crane can swing from the ground to the cranes maximum reach of 40ft and can swing 360 degrees.
20. Need for film festival
· Film festivals offer filmmakers a platform to introduce their work
·
It is the place to discuss
topics shown in the film as well as the filmmaking process.
·
Festivals encourage and
create dialogue between people.
·
Expose independent cinema to new
audiences
·
Many filmmakers use the platform of festival as a test
screening.
·
The importance of film festivals to a filmmaker rests in
the marketing of their film.
·
Many festivals have engaging panel discussions on aspects
of filmmaking.
·
Attending a festival with an audience of like-minded
people is a great way to expand circle of influence.
·
Festivals have traditionally been the place where
professionals and filmmakers alike go to spot new talent.
·
It’s a great opportunity for a filmmaker to show their
stuff in front of the public.
·
Festival create a sense of community, where locals mingle
with visiting filmmakers and share their experiences, and react to the work
they have seen.
21. Different ways of reading film
·
First, look at each individual shot. Try and work out why
the shot was used.
·
Look at everything you can see in the shot: people,
clothes, setting, vehicles, background.
·
Now try and work out the camera
position. Whether it is eye level or low level or high level angle
·
Check the composition whether it is symmetrical or
unbalanced.
·
Watch
the object or people movement in the film, towards or away from the camera
&
up or down the screen.
· Color is another important element to be viewed whether it is warm, cold or something else
·
Look at the shot that comes next. How it is different
from the previous shot
·
How the
sequence goes together, with simple cuts or with transition
·
Look at where the editor decided to make the cut between
two shots.
·
Watch the movie with the sound
and work out what the sound brings to the story.
·
Is the sequence
in real time, compressed time or
stretch time
·
The continuity in the film such as story, costume,
properties, sound, dialogue, etc are to be viewed carefully.
·
Characterization and the relationship between the
characters should be clearly shown
22. Functions of film media
· Film, also called movie, motion picture or moving picture
· It is a visual art-form used to communicate ideas, stories, perceptions, feelings, beauty, or atmosphere through the use of moving images.
·
These images are generally
accompanied by sound
·
They reflect those cultures,
and, in turn, affect them.
·
·
It is a powerful medium for
educating citizens.
· The visual basis of film gives it a universal power of communication.
· Cinema has become a powerful vehicle for culture, education, leisure and propaganda.
· It spreads social messages to its viewers
· It provides various job opportunities to the talented people
· It increase creativity in the area of story, acting, costume, makeup, sound design, etc
23. Importance of film review
· A movie review is an article describing the movie, giving critics on it.
·
It is commonly based from
the writer's opinion.
·
A movie review allows the viewer or
anyone to know and understand the whole picture of the movie.
·
It helps the viewers so much
to let them to know if it is really worth to watch that movie.
·
Movie review talks about the
viewpoint of the story of the movie, the characters, their particular roles,
backgrounds, script and so on
·
It gives impact not only to
the movie but whole production, including all people involved in the making of
the movie
· Film review should present an in-depth analysis so that it helps the readers to form an honest opinion and whether they would like it and want to see it.
Film
review
·
Introduction:
Include the name of the movie/documentary, its release date, and background
information.
·
Summary:
Provide a brief overview of the story.
·
Analysis
of the events: Analyze the plot and important events like action, climax.
·
Creative
elements: Describe the characters, dialogues, camera work, costumes, use of
colors, genre, tone, symbols, or anything that adds to or misses from the
overall story.
·
Opinion:
Support your opinion with facts and examples from the story
·
Conclusion:
Announce whether the filmmaker succeeded in his/her goal.
24. Filmmaking technique
The whole idea of using techniques is to keep the audience engaged and following
the story.
Camera
lighting
·
·
For example, a horror film looks dark
compared to a bright romantic comedy.
·
Three-point lighting is best to
understand how to light a subject.
·
Using lighting we can show the
subject softer or harsher
Shot
composition
·
Shot composition helps to know
the different kinds of shots in a film
·
One of the most popular shot
composition techniques is the rule of thirds.
·
Leading lines lead the viewer’s eyes
to the subject, such as power lines, paths, or bridges.
Camera
movement
·
Camera movement can be used to elicit
emotion or bring focus to a part of the visual story.
·
The most popular camera moves are the
zoom, the push-in, the pan, and the tilt.
·
Each camera movement has its own
meaning to use
Editing
·
When making edits, choose cuts based
on performance and avoid cutting too often.
·
For emotional moments, it will be a
close-up
·
A montage can be a series of scenes
cut together to compress time
Sound
·
The most popular film sound
techniques are sound effects and music score
·
Most professional productions do use
some Foley, a post-production technique to add
sound later
·
To give real feel try to record
ambient sound and pick up sounds like motors starting or running water on set.
·
Another technique in post-production
is ADR, Automated Dialog Replacement. It involves bringing an Actor into a
studio and recording dialog.
Advanced
techniques
·
Use of visual effects in film is
unavoidable nowadays
·
Latest technology in surround sound
system gives 3D sound effects
·
Blue matte and green matte technique
are frequently used particularly in double action
25. Structuralistic film theory
·
Structuralistic
film theory emphasizes how films convey meaning through the
use of codes and conventions
·
It aims to give the
movie-goers a taste of what a film of any genre is all about.
·
It presents the essence of a
film, making the viewer realize and understand it.
·
Presenting a film in
structures that can makes the movie-goers easily adapt it
·
The usage of structural
techniques such as movie elements that grabs the curiosity and attention of an
individual or a group of people
·
It makes a moviegoer see how
a movie is all about not just through his or her eyes but also through his or
her perusing mind and human understanding.
· It make it known that a movie is the reflection of the daily life of every individual of all ages, ranks and race
· Structuralist film theory is dependent on a new kind of sign
An example of this is understanding how the simple combination of shots can create an additional idea: the blank expression on a person's face, an appetizing meal, and then back to the person's face. While nothing in this sequence literally expresses hunger—or desire—the juxtaposition of the images convey that meaning to the audience. Unraveling this additional meaning can become quite complex. Lighting, angle, shot duration, juxtaposition, cultural context, and a wide array of other elements can actively reinforce or undermine a sequence's meaning. This is known as the Kuleshov effect.
26. Expressionism
· Expressionism, the artist seeks to depict not objective reality but rather the subjective emotions and responses
· The artist accomplishes it through distortion, exaggeration, and fantasy
· And also through the vivid, jarring, violent, or dynamic application of formal elements.
· Its qualities of highly subjective, personal, spontaneous self-expression are typical of a wide range of modern artists and art movements.
· Expressionism can also be seen in Germanic and Nordic art particularly in times of social change
· Expressionism as a distinct style or movement refers to a number of German artists, as well as Austrian, French, and Russian
· These artists used the expressive possibilities of colour and line to explore dramatic and emotional themes, to convey the qualities of fear, horror, and the misshapen face
· It is to express more subjective outlooks or states of mind.
· The German Expressionists soon developed a style notable for its harshness, boldness, and visual intensity.
· They used jagged, distorted lines; rough, rapid brushwork; and jarring colours to depict urban street scenes and other contemporary subjects in crowded, agitated compositions
· Many of their works express frustration, anxiety, disgust, discontent, and violence
27. Elements of movie review
Plot
· For any movie to be enjoyable, it has to combine all of the elements to help us forget we’re watching a movie and immerse us into the story.
· The plot should conform to the world the story takes place in
Attraction
· The idea drives the plot by creating an interesting set of circumstances for the story to take place within.
· It takes a delicate balance between tension, action and anticipation to keep us amused from the title sequence to the end credits.
Theme
· We should be able to identify the themes and sub-themes.
· Themes should achieve at least one of the following: (1) teach us something; (2) make us think; or (3) form an emotional connection with us.
Acting
·
Main
characters should be multidimensional and motive-driven
·
We
should never think to ourselves that the actor is trying to act like someone or
something
Dialogue
· Most dialogue should have a calculated approach to facilitating the story and revealing the characters.
· Dialogue is written in the correct context
Cinematography
· The shot selection, camera work, the angles, all of it should mesh together and create a uniform language that is easy for our eyes to follow.
· Lighting and camera fit together is an important part of the movie’s visual language
· Editing conveys the movie’s tone. Tone is easily shaped by the pace and choice of the edits.
· Both visual effects (VFX) and special effects (SFX), everything from live-action animation, to dynamite explosions on a controlled set, should blend in seamlessly.
Sound and music
· The music should be in harmony with the story.
·
Good
sound mixing and mastering is essential to keeping us immersed and entertained.
Directing
· We should be able to distinguish the director’s style in his work.
·
Movie
should be so well told, so well-crafted, that the story can’t be told any other
way
The “It” factor
· The story has something that makes it unique.
· The story could be untold and original.
28. Cinema is an effective medium for political communication
· One of the most powerful mediums where the visual elements and political message interact is cinema.
·
Films
in India, not just reflect the social, cultural and artistic traditions but
also represent unique traditions of political development.
·
The
portrayal of politics and society can be understood in the attempts made by
directors
·
In
the attempt to bring about a change, films perform functions that may serve a
certain political interest.
·
Film-makers,
who desire to make politics related films usually follow a
‘politics- business- gangster’ theme.
·
Films
portray politics as being all about caste and religion.
·
In
fact, these two criteria tend to determine a citizen’s vote.
· Usually political films show how the politicians misuse their power
29. Film is an art – justify
·
Art is an expression of life, which
means it expresses emotions. Films contain different emotion
·
Creation that allows for
interpretation of any kind is art.
The viewers of film interpret its content and its elements
·
Art is a human skill, a skill applied
to music, painting, poetry etc. Filmmaking involves many skilled persons
· Movies Incorporate Every Form of Art - writing, story, photography, drawing, painting, concept art, animation, visual effects, music, and acting
· It is a whole host of other talents, skills, and abilities from talented individuals
· It not only involves visual images it also includes sound and movement, which film expresses at the highest possible level.
· Film is the highest form so far developed for visual expression.
· Art was always maintained as a form of human expression. In film actor and actresses convey story through facial expression.
· Film is now at the point where any concept imagined in the human mind can be expressed in film.
· Each art has some concept. Films are made with some concept
30. SFX
·
Special effects are illusions
or visual tricks used in the theatre, film, television, and
video game to create the imagined events in a story.
·
Special effects are traditionally divided into the
categories of mechanical effects and optical effects.
·
Mechanical effects are usually accomplished during the
live-action shooting.
·
This includes the use of mechanized props,
scenery, scale models, animatronics, and atmospheric
effects
·
Creating physical wind, rain, fog, snow, clouds, are some
of the examples of mechanical effects.
·
Mechanical effects are also often incorporated into set
design and makeup.
·
Example creating horror effects in ghost films
·
Optical effects are techniques in which images or film
frames are created photographically
· It is created using multiple exposure and mattes
· An optical effect might be used to place actors or sets against a different background.
· Since the 1990s, computer-generated
imagery (CGI) has come to the forefront of special effects technologies.
· It gives filmmakers greater control, and allows many effects to be accomplished more safely and convincingly at lower costs.
· As a result, many optical and mechanical effects techniques have been replaced by CGI.
31. Role of graphic in film
Special effects
·
Special effects are visual
tricks used in film to simulate the imagined events in a story.
·
Mechanical effects includes the creation of physical
wind, rain, fog, snow, clouds, etc.
· Optical effects are techniques in which images or film
frames are created photographically, either "in-camera" using
multiple exposure, blue or green mattes, etc.
· It covers the various processes by which imagery is created or manipulated with or from photographic assets.
· Digital Effects often
involve the integration of still photography and computer generated imagery
(CGI) to create environments which look realistic but would be dangerous,
costly, or impossible to capture in camera.
Matte
painting
·
A matte painting is a painted representation of a
landscape, set, or distant location that allows filmmakers to create the
illusion of an environment that is not present at the filming location.
·
Matte
paintings are either filmed on
set, where they are framed to look like a physical set piece, or they are
combined with live footage in post production
·
In the scenes the painting
part is static and movements are integrated on it.
Motion capture
·
The process of recording the
movements of objects and or people.
·
It can be used to track the
facial movements and expressions of an actor and transfer them to a 3d model.
·
Modeling
·
3D
modeling is the process of
creating a 3D representation
of any surface or object
·
3D
modeling software produces
three-dimensional digital effects.
·
It produces a digital object
capable of being fully animated, making it an essential process for character
animation and special effects
Animation
·
Computer animation is the art of creating
moving images via the use of computers
·
It speeds up the process
of creating the many images needed for such a sequence
Compositing
·
Compositing is the combining of visual
elements from separate sources into single images
·
Live-action shooting
for compositing is
called "chroma key", "blue screen", "green
screen".
VFX
·
Visual
effects are the processes by
which imagery is created and/or manipulated outside the context of a live
action shot.
· Visual effects make use of graphic design, animation, modeling, etc. using software such as After Effects, Maya, Cinema4D, and NUKE
32. Fusion of Hollywood and Indian cinema
· India's film industry will benefit from an increased collaboration with Hollywood in the areas of film entertainment and VFX
·
Hollywood contribute nearly 900 crore in
Indian film industry
· There is a deal in film making between Anil Ambani's Reliance Entertainment, other Indian investors and Steven Spielberg's DreamWorks SKG.
· Reliance Entertainment signed agreements with Hollywood’s stars like George Clooney, Jim Carrey and Brad Pitt to work in Bollywood.
·
·
Greater collaboration
between India and US will result in increased film tourism, cultural and
technological exchanges and boosting local talent
·
Many US states such as
California, New York, Michigan, Nevada and Utah offer incentives to film and
television production companies from India.
·
Hollywood and Bollywood have
decided to support the creation of the Los Angeles-India Film Council to
increase Indian film production in Los Angeles
· Warner Bros entered into the Indian film industry and is financing and distributing the biggest budget release in Bollywood this year, "Chandni Chowk to China."
· "Chandni Chowk To China," will be distributed by Warner Bros on more than 100 screens around the United States.
· A few of Bollywood's most famous actors have had success in both India and America, including the beautiful Aishwarya Rai, and Salman Khan
· Luthria's recent hit "Taxi No 9 2 11" was the Bollywood version of Hollywood
·
Generally cinema has over expression and contains exaggerated
events. So obviously it differs from reality
·
There is too much glamour in movies than in real life.
·
The way in which most relationships are portrayed in most
movies is far from real.
· In movies when they show life in slums they only
highlight financial problems. In reality, life in slums there is no privacy and
neighbors fight a lot on day to day basis.
· In movies they show mothers as super emotional.
· A person (hero) cannot fight with 20 persons in real life but it is possible in cinema
· No lover loves surrounded by group of dancers.
· Hero not at all affected if 10 to 20 villains shoot at him but if he shoots they will die
· A lean hero can defeat taller, stronger villain only in cinema
· A rich girl is having love with slum boy is also possible in cinema only. Rich family persons not at all bother about slum people in real life.
·
From the most remote towns
to big metropolises can enjoy the latest Friday release together because of
digitization of Indian cinemas.
·
·
Film can simply be delivered
by way of satellite or hard drive.
·
This also eliminated
large-sized projection systems in favor of much smaller and more efficient
digital projection systems.
·
Although digital projection
systems have a heavy initial investment, the running costs as opposed to analog
are minimal.
·
For the film makers,
digitization of cinema has also enabled the access of content to smaller cities
and towns.
·
This widening of reach has
come at lower costs as digital prints cost is lower than physical prints cost.
·
Simultaneous release across
theaters have helped drive the box office collections of most of the
Indian films to a 100 crore mark or above
·
For the consumer, digital
projection in the cinemas meant superior quality of images
·
It also gave viewers access
to 3D films.
·
Today, the world around us
has gone digital and this includes cinema projection to 4K.
·
E cinema is another form of
cinema projection that uses a 1.92K or 1.3K projector.
· Digital Film projection is available in multiplexes in India
35. Film review vs film criticism
|
Film review |
Film criticism |
|
Focused on recommendation and opinion |
Focused on analysis |
|
Ranks or rates films from an artistic,
cultural, or technical perspective |
Discusses films as part of a larger
historical or theoretical context |
|
Written by journalists, bloggers, or
magazine staff |
Written by scholars or academics |
|
Writes for an audience of average
moviegoers |
Writes for an audience of other scholars
and academics |
|
Generally published around the release date
of the film |
May be published at any time after the
film's release; often years or decades later |
It is a French word which means placing on stage. It is an expression used to describe the design aspects of film production.
Set
design – The setting of a scene and properties visible in a scene. Set design
is used to amplify character emotion which has physical social cultural
significance in film
Lighting
– It can influence the audiences understanding of characters, actions and mood.
Light and shade emphasize texture, shape, time (day or night), season, etc.
Space –
It affects the reading of film. It is the distance between characters, camera,
lighting, properties, etc.
Composition
– The organization of object, actors and space within the frame. Equal
distribution of light, color and objects in a shot is important in composition.
Costume
– It refers to the clothes, that characters wear. Using certain colors or
designs, costumes are used to signify the character.
Make-up
and hair style – It gives beautiful appearance to the character. It establishes
the characters attitude.
Acting
– The performance on the stage is called acting. Different characters perform
on stage. Through acting, actors convey story, emotions, feeling, etc.
Aspect ratio – The relationship between the width and height of the image. It gives different way of looking at the world.
37. Recent trends in Indian cinema
· Indian cinema is leveling up to the international level.
· There are skilled professionals who have taken
cinematography to an elevated level.
· Film launches and promotions are happenings with careful
research and marketing skills.
· The earlier trends in Indian cinema was more specifically
related to Indian audience but the recent trend is towards a global concept.
· Parallel cinema is very much a reflection of the
happenings in the society.
· There are actors who are willing to explore their skills
in experimenting with bold and untouched subjects. Actors are going global by
also accepting offers abroad.
· It is an idea to hold premiere shows abroad and releases
are also designed to get the patronage (support) of the NRI audience.
· Music in Indian cinema has gained prominence. Details of
the background score is of international value.
· The promos and teasers prior to release of a movie are
slotted with television channels to attract the masses and spike their
curiosity.
·
· The protagonist of a film is very much supported by other star casting is the latest phenomenon.
· Modern parallel cinema is bold, comedy
is original, cult (trendy) films are being conceptualized and there is a
constant passion to improve.
· Indian film industry is using latest
technologies such as latest camera, sound effects, CG, VFX, etc in making film.
· The four south Indian States and the Union Territory of
Puducherry are home to a unique variant of fandom.
·
Each State—and every region within the State—has its own
variant of the fan club.
· Across the southern States we see the signs of activities
by fan clubs on the streets. These range from leaflets, wall posters and giant
plywood cut-outs of screen idols.
· Fan club know as Rasigar manram (Tamil)
and abhimana sangha / sangham (Kannada/Telugu),
formed by a group of 10-25 young men between 20 to 30 years of age who are poor
or from the lower middle class.
· Fans of female stars are not impossible to find, but it
is usually the male star that is the center of fan activity.
· The Tamil superstar Rajinikanth alone reportedly has a
hundred thousand clubs with a total of million-plus members.
· Fan activity is carried out in the name of the star to
promote him. It is a myth that fans are remote-controlled by stars or their
offices.
· When the Tamil superstar M.G. Ramachandran (MGR) died, as
many as 31 people reportedly committed suicide.
· Kannada star Rajkumar death from natural causes brought
Bangalore to a complete standstill and several people died.
· Often we can see clash with the fans of two hero’s
generally placing cutout in front of the theatre.
· Fans are, of course, movie buffs who spend the better
part of their evenings in and around cinema halls: watching films, decorating
them or simply hanging around talking about cinema and its stars.
· Fans also participate in a wide range of activities such
as feeding the poor, blood donation, disaster relief work, etc, that are
completely unrelated to film watching.
· He was an Indian film maker, screenwriter, music composer, graphic artist, lyricist and author.
·
·
Starting his career as commercial artist, Ray
was drown into Independent film maker
·
He directed 36 films including feature films,
documentary and short films
·
He was also a fiction writer, publisher,
illustrator and film critic
·
Satyajit Ray authored several short stories
and novels meant primarily for young children and teenagers
·
Feluda the sleuth and professor Shonku the
scientist in his science fiction stories are popular characters created by him.
·
His first film Pather Panchali won 11
international prizes
·
This film along with Aparajitu and Apur
Sansar form the Apu Trilogy
·
He received 32 Indian National Film Award, a
Golden Lion, a Golden Bear and 2 Silver Bear
·
The Government of India honoured him with
Bharat Ratna
·
In 2004 Ray was ranked number 13 in BBC’s
poll of the greatest Bengali of all time
·
Sound Designers are
responsible for providing any required sounds to accompany screen action.
·
They work closely with the
production mixer, sound supervisor, the editor, and the director to create
original sound elements.
·
They may work with the
director to create the entire soundtrack.
·
They may supervise the work
of the entire sound post production process as well as having a specialized
role in creating the sound concept for the production.
·
They may be employed by
audio post production houses, and provide their own digital audio workstations.
·
Good communication skills
are needed, along with imagination and creative idea to produce original sound
elements and effects.
·
The ability to accept
direction and work well with others is also important.
·
Sound Designers must have a
good understanding of acoustics, and an expert knowledge of sound recording and
analog and digital editing techniques.
·
They may also have a
background in music.
·
Many Sound Designers are
also supervising sound editors, or re-recording mixers.
·
Finding the right location is extremely important to the
success of any film footage.
·
Whether you are shooting a commercial, reality show, film
or Television series, location can certainly create huge difference in the
quality of your work.
·
A movie location sets the scene for the movie and is
actually regarded as one of the most important characters in a film script.
·
The perfect location provides proper facilities and also
amenities for your film team like a bar and snack area and also toilet
facilities.
·
The comfort of film crew should be taken into
consideration.
·
Also there should be electrical hook-ups and also
electrical power for entire equipment.
·
Space is another thing to consider while choosing
location
·
The ground managers should be aware of the requirements
of a TV film location in order to avoid any kind of potential issues.
·
The visual quality of the TV film location should be
taken into consideration
· TV film location is actually where some or most of a movie or television series is produced, apart from using sets.
42. Review a recent film you watched
Plot, attraction, theme, acting, dialogue, cinematography, editing & effects, sound & music, directing, IT factor are to be reviewed
43. Animation film
Toy story
·
It is an
American computer-animated buddy comedy film produced
by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures.
· It was the first entirely computer-animated feature film, as well as the first feature film from Pixar.
Spider man
·
It is the first animated feature
film in the Spider-Man franchise.
· In the film, Miles Morales joins other Spider-Men from various dimensions who team up to save New York City from Kingpin.
Coco
·
It is a
3D computer-animated fantasy film produced by Pixar
Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures.
·
Incredibles
· Mr. Incredible's desire to help people draws the entire family into a confrontation.
Moana
· The film tells the story of Moana, the strong-willed daughter of a chief of a Polynesian village, who is chosen by the ocean itself to reunite a mystical relic with the goddess
How to train your dragon
·
The story takes place in a
mythical Viking world where a young Viking teenager named Hiccup
aspires to follow his tribe's tradition of becoming a dragon slayer.
·
The film centers on two
monsters – James P. "Sulley" Sullivan and his one-eyed partner and
best friend Mike Wazowski – employed at the titular energy-producing factory
Monsters, Inc, which generates power by scaring human children.
· The story takes place in a kingdom of lions in Africa and was influenced by the Biblical stories of Joseph and Moses, and William Shakespeare's Hamlet.
Aladdin
·
The film follows Aladdin, an
Arabian street urchin, who finds a magic lamp containing a genie. He
disguises himself as a wealthy prince, and tries to impress
the Sultan and his daughter.
·
It tells the story of a fearless princess who
sets off on a journey alongside a rugged iceman, his loyal reindeer,
and a naive snowman to find her estranged sister, whose icy powers
have inadvertently trapped their kingdom in eternal winter.
44. Film festivals
Film festivals - Sundance
·
It is one of the largest independent
film festivals in U.S.
·
It spotlights more up-and-coming
directors than any other film fest.
Cannes Film Festival
·
It is an annual film festival held
in Cannes, France.
· It previews new films of all genres including documentaries from all around the world.
Toronto International Film Festival
·
It is one of the largest publicly
attended film festivals in the world.
· Its mission is to transform the way people see the world through film
Berlinale
· The Berlin International Film
Festival is the largest festival in the world, drawing over half a million
people each year, including film professionals from 130-plus countries.
· The six-day event features panels, discussions, and workshops from the best cinematographers.
Hong Kong International Film Festival
·
It is one of Asia’s oldest
international film festival.
· It features different movies, filmmakers from different countries in Hong Kong.
Panafrican Film and TV Festival of Ouagadougou
·
This is the largest film fest in
Africa.
· Aimed to promote African filmmakers and their work, includes non-profit screenings in rural areas.
Rotterdam Film Festival
· It’s common to see stars mingling with fans. The festival focuses on international premiers and also funds grants to important unfinished feature films from developing countries.
Oscar award
·
The Academy Awards, more popularly known
as the Oscars, are
awards for artistic and technical merit in the film industry.
· The awards are an international recognition of excellence in cinematic achievements as assessed by the Academy's voting membership.
International Film Festival of India, Goa
·
It is the most prestigious and oldest film festival of
India.
· It projects the excellence of the film art and appreciation of film cultures of different nations
45. Auteur theory
·
Auteur theory, theory of filmmaking in which the
director is viewed as the major creative force in a motion picture.
·
The director, who oversees
all audio and visual elements of the motion picture, is more to be considered
the “author” of the movie
·
Fundamental visual elements
as camera placement, lighting, and scene length convey the message of the film.
· The Auteur theory argues that a film is a reflection of the director's artistic vision
· It informs the audience who the director is and shows a consistent artistic identity
· There is a particular set of rules for defining a director as an auteur.
· The auteur of a film is the film's true artist. The visionary behind it. The prime mover. But you can't have that credit just by being the movie's director.
46. How much does media industry get benefit from film
industry?
·
Wishing film stars to their new film release
and to their birthday through print media also an income for them.
·
Usually film advertisements come in newspaper
on Friday which is used to increase their sales
·
Film promotion is also being done through
radio medium. The amount charged for promotion is based on the time duration it
takes.
·
The promotion contains songs, some important
dialogues, actors name, film name, etc to attract the audience
·
Television is another important medium for
film promotion. Its charge is much more than radio.
·
It is very attractive and more impact because
of its audio visual content
·
Some television channels are broadcasting
only films or songs or comedy from the movie. Those channels are running only
because of film.
·
Audio release function, interview with film
cast & crew are also an important programmes broadcast in television
·
Vehicle owners such as auto, bus, etc are
getting money by advertising films.
·
Nowadays new media is used not only to
promote films but also to release.
·
Film, film songs, comedy shots, movie making
techniques are available in Internet
·
Memes are created using film shots