MEDIA ORGANIZATION

PART - A

1.      Media organization

·        A person or company engaged in disseminating information to the general public through newspaper, magazine, radio, television, etc.

·        The Hindu, Vijay TV, AIR, are the examples of media organization.

 2.      Organization

·        Organization is a company comprising multiple people that has collective goal.

·        It has a management structure that determines relationship between the members.

 3.      Media

·        Communication channels through which news, entertainment, education are disseminated.

·        It includes newspaper, radio, television, internet.

 4.      Edutainment

·        It is the combination of education and entertainment.

·        Video games, television programs are intended to be both educational and entertainment.

 5.      TRP (Television Rating Point)

·        It is a tool provided to judge which programs are viewed the most.

·        For calculation purpose, a device (TAM) is attached to the television set.

 6.      TAM (Television Audience Measurement)

·        It is the specialized branch of media research

·        It is one of the two television audience measurement analysis firms of India.

·        Besides measuring television viewership, TAM also monitors advertising expenditure.

 7.      Advertorial

·        It is a combination of advertisement and editorial content.

·        A newspaper or magazine advertisement giving information about product in the style of editorial article.

 8.      ABC (Audit Bureau of Circulation)

·        It is a non - profit circulation auditing organization.

·        It certifies and audits the circulations of newspaper and magazines in India.

 9.      Infotainment

·        It is the combination of information and entertainment.

·        Quiz, news is providing information and entertainment.

10. Budgeting

·        It is the process of creating a plan to spend money

·        It determines to choose the media for advertising

11.      Creativity

·        The use of imagination or idea to create something new.

·        It is the process involved in creating advertisement, TV programs

 12.        I & B (Information and Broadcasting)

·        It is a branch of government of India which formulates and administrate the rules and regulations and laws relating to information, broadcasting, the press and films in India.

·        The ministry of I & B is administrating Prasar Bharati and CBFC.

 13.      RNI (Registrar of Newspapers for India)

·        It is for the registration of the publication such as newspapers and magazines in India.

·        It regulates and monitors printing and publication of newspaper and magazine.

 14.      Oligopoly

·        A market or industry is dominated  by a small number of sellers.

·        It reduces competition and lead to higher prices. Cars in India is dominated by Maruti, Tata, Hyundai, Ford, etc.

 15.      Space selling

·        Selling the space for advertising in newspaper and magazine.

·        The cost for advertising is based on the space it occupies.

 16.      Time selling

·        Selling time for advertising in radio and television

·        The cost for advertising is based on the duration. That is seconds or minutes.

 17.      Slot

·        The time a television or radio program is broadcasted is slot.

·        The programs which are broadcasted between 8 pm and 10.30 pm is called prime time slot.

 18.      Organizational culture

·        It is system of shared values and beliefs which governs how people behave in organization.

·        It dictates employees how to dress, act and perform their job.

 19.      Public broadcasting

·        It is broadcasting programs for public service.

·        Community radio such as Anna FM, MOP FM, are example for public broadcasting.

 20. Editorial

·        It is an article written by the senior editorial staff of a newspaper and magazine.

·        Editorial board evaluates which issues are important for their readership to know the newspaper opinion.

 21. Satellite television

 ·        The programs are broadcasted in television with the help of satellite is called satellite television.

·        Dish, set-top boxes are used to receive signal then decodes for viewing on television.

 22. Production house / company

·        The media company which creates program for radio, television, film called production house.

·        AVM, Radan, Global villagers are example for production house.

 23. SWOT - A study undertaken by an organization to identify its internal strengths and weaknesses, as well as external opportunities and threats.

 S – Strength

W – Weakness

O – Opportunities

T – Threats

 24. Crisis management

·        It is a process by which an organization deals with an unexpected event that threatens to harm the organization.

·        The problems are solved in a short duration of time with permanent remedy.

 25. Market research

·        It provides studies or surveys on a specific advertising medium including radio, television, and print.

·        It is to generate information such as audience awareness, audience attitude, etc.

 26. Sponsorship

·        Financial support given by a person or an organization is sponsorship

·        Sponsor for TV program (Airtel Super Singer), college event (Culturals) are examples for sponsorship

 27. Production team

·        It is a group of technical staff who produce television show.

·        It includes assistant director, floor manager, production manager, etc.

 28. Paid news

·        A company pay to the media to publish their company news in newspaper and magazine.

·        Paid news financially benefits the individual journalists and specific media organizations such as newspapers, magazines and television channels.

 29. Market segmentation

·        It is dividing the market into groups based on age, gender, income level, etc.

·        It is about identifying the specific needs and wants of customer group

 30. Leisure

·        It is time when a person is not working – free time.

·        Free time is used for enjoyment using radio, television, etc.

 31. Pre-production

·        It is the first stage of production. The other stages are production and post-production.

·        Pre-production works includes story discussion, script writing, budgeting, etc.

 32. Audience

·        People who watch television, listening to radio and reading newspaper and magazine are audience.

·        Audiences are divided into active and passive audience.

 33. Monopoly

·        A single seller, selling a unique product is monopoly.

·        In a monopoly market the seller faces no competition.

 34. Strategic management

·        It is the formulation and implementation of the major goals in an organization.

·        It provides overall direction, specifying organizations objectives, policies and plans to achieve goals.

 35. Project work plan

·        Work plan shows the entire task involved in a project.

·        It tells who is responsible for each task and when it is completed.

 36. Audio visual industry

·        Media which produces audio video content for broadcasting is called audio visual industry.

·        Television, gaming industry, film industry are examples for audio visual industry.

 37. Media industry

·        It consists of film, print, radio, and television which are used to inform, educate and entertain the audience.

·        It includes movies, television and radio shows, news, newspaper and magazine.

 38. Cheque book journalism

·        The practice of playing large amount of money to publish a person story in newspaper.

·        Obituary in newspaper is the example for cheque book journalism

 39. Advocacy Journalism

·        It is a genre of journalism that intentionally and transparently adopts a non objective view point, usually for social or political purpose.

·        It is intended to be factual but supports a specific point of view on an issue.

 40. Organizational behavior

·        It is the study of both group and individual performance and activity within an organization

·        It examines human behavior in a work environment, performance, communication, leadership, etc.

41. Below the line cost

·        It is the method of budget for non-creative personnel in television production and film making

·        It includes light man, crane operator, production assistant, etc.

 42. Production chain

·        Moving the product from supplier to customer is called production chain

·        The programs, news are prepared and shown to public by the medias.

 43. Media convergence

·        It is the interlinking of computing and other information technologies.

·        Internet is the example for media convergence, since it contains text, picture, audio, and video elements.

 44. Stakeholders

·        The employer, employee, government, buyer, seller are the stakeholders of an organization.

·        It can be affected by the organizations actions, objectives and policies.

 45. Project manager

·        A person who is professional in the field of project management is project manager.

·        He has the responsibility of planning and execution of project.

 46. Community media

·        It is a form of media that is created and controlled by a community

·        It helps person to know about his surroundings.

 47. Promotion department

·        It is a department in an organization used to promote its product.

·        It includes new film release, new serials in TV, new edition in newspaper, etc.

 48. Media meshing

·        It is the process of using one of the media to enhance the experience of another medium

·        Example – website is used to enhance newspaper articles and television programs.

 49. Niche market

·        It is the subset of market on which a specific product is focused

·        It tells about product features, price, and product quality to attract the audience.

 50. Audience rating

·        It is the process to judge which program a viewed by most.

·        For calculation purpose a device (TAM) is attached to television set

 51. In house production

·        Media programs are prepared within the organization is called in-house production.

·        It requires equipment, qualified staff and other resources.

 52. Media management

·        Media management is an area of business administration that deals with organizing and supervising teams of media professionals, various mass communication channels and technologies, media and entertainment productions

·        There are four functions of management: planning, organizing, leading, and controlling.

 53. PPC (Production Project Cycle)

·        The production process refers to the stages required to complete a media product, from the idea to the final master copy.

·        Pre-production: Planning, scripting & storyboarding, etc. Production: The actual shooting/recording. Post-production: Everything between production and creating the final master copy

 54. Public interest

·        The public interest is not just what the readers, listeners or viewers want either as consumers or people who want to be entertained.

·        It is about issues which affect everyone, even if many of them are not aware of it or even if they don’t appear to care.

·        Public interest journalism could be considered the antithesis of media’s darker side, which includes fake news, propaganda, censorship and voyeurism.

·        The outcomes of public interest reporting can expose corruption, launch royal commissions, remove improper politicians from office, and jail wrongdoers.

·        Put simply, the public interest is about what matters to everyone in society. It is about the common good, the general welfare and the security and well-being of everyone in the community we serve.

 55. Media identifier

 ·        A social media identifier is any name used by the individual on social media platforms including, but not limited to, Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram.

 56. DAVP

·        The Directorate of Advertising and Visual Publicity is the nodal agency of the Government of India for advertising by various Ministries and organizations of Government of India

·        The Directorate includes 4 Campaign wings, an advertising wing for print, Audio-Visual (AV) wing, New Media & Personal Media wing, exhibition wing, mass mailing wing, outdoor publicity wing, research wing, distribution wing and language wing in addition to an audio visual publicity cell.

 57. Communication

·        Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place, person or group to another.

·        Every communication involves one sender, a message and a recipient. These include our emotions, the cultural situation, the medium used to communicate, and even our location.

 58. Development

·        Media development involves capacity building for institutions or individuals related to freedom of expression, pluralism and diversity of media, as well as transparency of media ownership. 

·        Media development plays a role in democracy and effective democratic discourse through supporting free and independent media.

 59. Evaluation

·        Media evaluation is the analysis of media content, rating its exposure, utilizing various established criteria, frequently including tonal value and the existence of key messages.

·        It is considered by businesses to be one of the most accelerating vehicles of mass communications research.

 60. Agencies

·        Media agencies advise companies on how and where to advertise, and on how to present a positive picture of themselves to the public. 

·        Primary services include advertising, public relations and other forms of media management.

·        A media agency ensures that a marketing message appeals to consumers, appears in the right place, at the right time and that the advertiser pays the best possible price.

 61. Cross media management

·        The term “Cross-Media” is often explained as something that includes the distribution of content (e.g. music, text, pictures, video etc.) amongst different media.

·        One frequently used combination is television, newspapers/magazines mobile devices and Internet.

 62. Workable competition

·        Workable Competition is a situation where high degree of monopolistic power exists but there is enough competition which protects consumers from being abused due to the existing monopoly.

·        Hence this is a workable alternative to the theory of perfect competition.

 63. Above the line cost

·        It is the method of budget for creative personnel in television production and film making

·        It includes director, art director, actor and actress, etc.

 64. Commodification of media content

·        Commodification is the process of transforming things valued for their use into marketable products.

·        A good example is the process of turning a story into a film or novel.

 65. Mass culture

·        Mass culture is the set of ideas and values that develop from a common exposure to the same media, news sources, music, and art. 

·        Mass culture is broadcast or otherwise distributed to individuals instead of arising from their day-to-day interactions with each other.

 66. Ombudsman

·        An ombudsman or public advocate is an official who is charged with representing the interests of the public by investigating and addressing complaints of mal-administration or a violation of rights

·        Press ombudsman is a person whose role is to determine whether the actions of a newspaper is in line with good journalistic practice

 67. Impact assessment

·        Impact assessment is about goals; how news informs, connects and engages communities; and how best to maintain journalistic integrity in the process.

·        Media impact can be characterized as whether individual media users had their attitudes, beliefs, cognitions, or behaviors.

 68. Horizontal ownership

·        Horizontal Integration is a Media Company's Ownership of several businesses of the same value.

·        A Media Company can own a Magazine, Radio, Newspaper, Television and Books.

·        Almost all Media companies have horizontal integration.

·        It helps to create more money and makes the company more popular among readers

 69. Hero worship

·        Hero worship is defined as 'excessive admiration for someone', an idea that they are special or perfect, and is commonly directed at people in the public eye.

·        People need heroes because heroes save or improve lives and because heroes are inspiring. 

·        Heroes elevate us emotionally; they heal our psychological ills; they build connections between people; they encourage us to transform ourselves for the better; and they call us to become heroes and help others.

 70. NRS (National Readership Survey)

·        The NRS is a survey on all media, but especially the print medium, conducted by the National Readership Survey Council.

·        This body consists of members from the INS (Indian Newspaper Society), AAAI (Advertising Associations of India) and ABC (Audit Bureau of Circulation).

 71. Governance

·        Media Governance refers to the entire system of rules and regulation and informal societal, ideological and economical processes that influence the behavior of our media.

·        Governance provides a framework for identifying the network of actors, the blurred boundary between the private and the public sector, and the relationship between different socio-political dimensions. In

 72. Popular culture

·        Culture based on the tastes of ordinary people rather than an educated elite.

·        The most common pop-culture categories are: entertainment (such as movies, music, television and video games), sports, news, politics, fashion, technology, and slang

 73. Integrated marketing

·        It is a process designed to ensure that all messaging and communications strategies are consistent across all channels and are centered on the customer.

·        It attempts to meld all aspects of marketing communication such as advertising, sales promotion, public relations, direct marketing, and social media, through their respective mix of tactics, methods, channels, media, and activities, so that all work together as a unified force.

 74. Risk assessment

·        Risk assessment is a thorough examination and documentation of all risks the institution faces and the measures in place to help prevent them.

·        It outlines a list of threats and a measurement of the likelihood of the risk occurring and the potential severity of the threat’s impact.

 75. Negotiation

·        Negotiation is a core leadership and management skill

·        Media buyer focuses on locating the desired vehicles and negotiate and maintain satisfactory schedule and rates

76. Project management

·        Project management as 'the application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to project activities to meet the project requirements.

·        Similarly, a producer is usually responsible for taking the project from development through to production and distribution

 77. Scheduling

·        Media scheduling is one of the important decisions in advertising programme. Company should carefully decide on media timing for a maximum market response.

·        The frequency to advertise the message through different media – how many times in a year (or specified time period) the message should be advertised in each of the media.

 78. Cost analysis

·        The practice of utilizing the cost of media to the broadcast time or print/internet space occupied by a client

·        Cost analysis is comparative analysis against historical performance, against objectives, or against competitors.

 79. Content analysis

·        Media content analysis is a specialized sub set of content analysis, a well established research methodology.

·        It is used to study a broad range of text from films, TV programs, and the editorial and advertising content of newspapers and magazines

 80. Group behavior

·        Group behavior in organizations tends to follow the organizational norms and rules wherein the employees are expected to be disciplined, follow orders, and work to the requirements of the organization rather than their own whims and fancies.

 81. Decentralization

·        Decentralization is the process by which the activities of an organization, particularly those regarding planning and decision making are distributed or delegated away from a central, authoritative location or group.

 82. Slot

·        Part of a time segment bought by an advertiser for the airing of a commercial on radio or television is slot.

·        From 7pm-10pm seem to be the prime time slots.

 83. Buyer

 ·        Product manufacturers are called buyers because they buy space and time in newspaper, magazine, television and radio to publish and broadcast their media content.

 84. Revenue model

·        The advertising model is often used by Media businesses which use their platforms where content is provided to the customer as an advertising space.

·        Possible examples are newspapers and magazines which generate revenue through the various advertisements.

 85. Public broadcasting

·        Public broadcasting involves radio, television and other electronic-media outlets whose primary mission is public service.

·        Public broadcasting may be nationally or locally operated, depending on the country and the station. 

 

PART - B & C

 1.      Job opportunities in Indian media industry

 

(1)  News editor

·        He is responsible for the overall news production

·        He decides which news item has to be published or broadcasted

 

(2)  Designer

·        He designs creative layout for print such as advertisement, brochure, poster, etc

·        He uses suitable font, color, and picture to create attractive design

 

(3)  Animator

·        They do animation using 2D and 3D animation software

·        Animation is used in television advertisements, title animation, in cinema industry, cartoon animation, etc.

 

(4)  Reporter

·        He collects news information’s for newspaper, magazine, television.

·        The news items includes sports, political, health tips, cinema, share market, etc

 

(5)  Program producer

·        He plans various programs for television

·        He involved in all the activities involved from pre-production to post-production.

 

(6)  Costume designer

·        He designs costume for the character in television programs, advertisement, etc

·        He designs suitable dress for the artist

 

(7)  Make-up artist

·        He puts make-up to the performer as per the requirement of director

·        The artist looks like a particular character after make-up is done

 

(8)  Script writer

·        The person who writes the script for program is script writer

·        Creative script decides the success of the program

 

(9)  Camera man       

·        He is called as director of photography (DOP)

·        He shoots video for serials, advertisements, news, film, etc.

 

(10)         Video editor

·        The person who is editing various television programs, film is called editor

·        He combines, condense, correct the mistakes and give final shape to program

       Students can write about sound engineer, VFX artist, art director, director, production manager, floor manager, etc.

 2.      Types of production budget

             It determines how much money will be spent for a television programs or a film.            The budget is prepared by any one of the following methods

 (1)  Above the line and below the line budget

 The budget for creative persons involved in production is called above the line budget. It includes script writer, producer, director, actor, etc.

 The budget for production team such as camera man, production assistant, floor and production manager, is called below the line budget. These persons are all not involved in creative work but in technical work.

 (2)  Production budget

 The budget is prepared based on pre-production, production and post-production

 Pre – production – budget prepared for the persons involved in pre-production such as script writer, director, actor, etc.,

 Production – budget prepared for production personnel’s such as camera man, light men, make-up artist, costume designer, etc. It includes transport, room rent, food, etc.

 Post-production -  budget prepared for post production activities such as audio and video editing, dubbing, SFX, and VFX, graphics and animation, etc.

 

 3.      Sources of revenue (income) in media organization (or) Media as business

 (1)  Print media

 

(a)  Circulation (sales of newspaper)

·        Print media earns money from the sales of newspaper and magazine

·        It gains considerable amount from sales. The cost for each newspaper and magazine is not same.

 

(b)  Advertisement

·        It is the main and major source of income for pint media organization

·        The rate for the advertisement differs based on the size, color or black and white, and the place of advertisement.

 

(c)  Classified ad

·        It is a kind of advertisement in newspaper which earn money for the organization.

·        It’s size very small, has small amount of text generally used for job opportunity, matrimonial, real estate, etc.

 

(d)  Inserts

·        It is a separate advertisement put in a newspaper publication

·        A single sheet of advertisement is inserted inside the newspaper

 (2)  Electronic media

 

(a)  Commercial

·        It is the main and major source of income for radio and television

·        The rate for the advertisement is fixed based on the time duration, the time of broadcasting.

                 (b)  Sponsorship

·        It includes program sponsor, event sponsor, dress sponsor, etc.

·        The sponsors pay money to the channel for the program.

·        Example – Airtel is the sponsor for super singer

                 (c)  Subscription

When subscribe a particular channel either on cable or DTH then the operator has to pay subscription fee to channel.

 

(d)  Content royalty fee

If a television wanted to use by other television channels they have to pay money for the content.

4.      Production process in newspaper organization

 

(1)  News gathering

·        Reporters and correspondents are gathering news for their organization.

·        They collect various news items such as politics, sports, share market, etc.

·        Some domestic and international news agencies also supply news for newspaper.

·        Freelance journalist, public also give news to newspaper.

 

(2)  News editing

·        It is done by sub-editor and editor of newspaper

·        Reporters submit the gathered news to the sub-editor

·        Sub-editor edits the news, giving heading and show it to the editor for final approval

·        The truthfulness of the news item is verified during editing

 

(3)  Designing

·        The designer designs the newspaper pages.

·        Sub-editor sends edited text and photograph to the designer

·        Designer designs the page with the help of software

·        He gets help from sub-editor to fit the content within given space

 

(4)  Printing

·        Offset printing method is used for printing newspaper.

·        Required positive, printing plate and ink are arranged for printing

·        Black and white, color printings are done here

 

(5)  Distribution

·        Distributing the newspaper to the distributor

·        The number of newspaper for each area bundled and dispatched

5.      Measurements of audience rating

 

(1)  People’s meter

·        It is also called as Television Rating Point (TRP)

·        It is measuring which program is watched by most of people

·        People’s meter is a digital device attached with the television set

·        This meter reads and records the duration of each program watched by people

·        After a week the measurements are calculated to know which programs are viewed by most

·        INTAM – Indian National Television Audience Measurement is an organization calculating TRP. 

(2)  Diaries

 

·        It was the first method of recording information

·        A diary is given to particular number of families in a area

·        They are instructed to record the programs name, duration of watching, number of viewers.

·        After a month all the diaries were collected and calculated the viewership

 

(3)  GTAM

 

·        It stands for Global Television Audience Metering

·        It is advanced method of people meter used to measure viewership across multiple platforms such as television, internet, and mobile.

·        It reads and record the audio tracks of particular program

6.      Types of media ownership

 Types of Newspaper Ownership in India

             There are various types of media ownership. There are many media organization in the country that are owned and controlled by a wide variety of entities including corporate bodies, societies and trusts and individuals. There are four major types of ownership of mass media. Chain, cross media, conglomerate and vertical integration.

 1.      Chain Ownership

             Chain ownership means the same media company owns numerous outlets in a single medium, a chain of newspaper, a series of radio stations, a string of television stations or several book publishing companies. Chain ownership in India applies mostly to newspapers. There are many publishing groups in India which fall into this category such as the group headed by the Times of India, Hindustan Times, Indian Express, Statesman, Ananda bazar Patrika, Hindu, Telegraph and living media foundations.

 2.      Cross Media Ownership

             Cross media ownership is when the same company owns several along with newspaper, magazines, musical labels, and publishers and so on.  Cross-media ownership across the various carriers such as television, radio or print; consolidation, including vertical integration among media operations of content, carrier and distributor within a media segment such as television or radio; and market share dominance in a given geography within each media segment.

 3.      Conglomerate Ownership

           Conglomerate ownership means the ownership of several business one of which a media business. For example when a publishing company owns a newspaper along with chemical, fertilizer, cement rubber or plastics factories, or a liquor brewery or distillery or a major corporation has controlling shares in a number of media related business, the pattern is conglomerate. In a conglomerate, there will be interlocking of directorships, which means the same persons will be director of a media company as well as of manufacturing industries or financial corporations. Infact several transport or lorry company directors are directing the destiny of newspaper, television or film production companies. Their main business will be a high profit industry, but they run a media company for prestige or to exercise social and political influence on decision makers in the private or public sector and in the government of the day. Such a conglomeration may not always support an unbiased or dispassionate presentation of events, issues and personalities. 

 4.      Vertical Integration

          Vertical integration indicates that a media company monopolizes the production of the ingredients that go into the making of   media products. For example a newspaper publisher may own several hundred areas of forests where the major components of a newspaper namely wood for newsprints cultivated. Some other newspaper company may own a factory that produces the bulk of the printing ink or processed used in the industry. Certain film companies may own studies or industrial units   producing film stocks or even a chain of theatres where the films are exhibited.

 7.      Organizational structure of newspaper 

 (1)  Editorial department

             This department is headed by the Editor who is responsible for collection of news, selection of news and features, editing of news and features and interpretation of news. The editor of the newspaper alone cannot handle the editing work and is therefore assisted by Chief correspondent. Resident editors, Managing editors, Deputy editors, Assistant editors, News editor, sub-editors and other functionaries like photographers, cartoonists, features writers and reviewers. Various types of correspondents are engaged in collection and supply of news to the newspaper’s Editorial department.

 (2)  Advertising department

         Advertising is the major source of revenue for a newspaper. As such, the work of collection and publication of advertisements becomes crucial in a newspaper organization. The advertising department looks after this work. There can be several sections in this department one to look after local advertising, one for classified ads, one for general / national advertising, one for legal advertising, and yet another one for preparing copy and so on.

 (3)  Circulation department

          As circulation is the life blood of a newspaper, this department assumes great importance. The main responsibilities of the circulation department are selling the newspaper, delivering it and collection from subscribers.

 (4)  Printing department

          It looks after all the work of printing including installation of machines, plant layout, composing, processing, loading, scheduling, maintenance of machines, etc.

 (5)  Administrative department

         This department looks after the general administrative work pertaining to personnel their selection, training, promotion, allotment of work, maintaining leave record, liaison with government departments, general facilities and all such work that facilitates working of other departments. In the absence of a separate legal department the administrative department also handles the work pertaining to legal matters.

 (6)  Accounting department

        This department looks after all the accounting work like maintaining books of accounts, preparing balance sheet and other financial statements, payment, receipt, preparation of budget, financial planning, cost control, etc.

 (7)  Stores department

         It is charged with the responsibility of proper storage of raw material and other material used in the newspaper office.

(8)  IT department

It is charged with the responsibilities of IT affairs in the news paper

(9)  Internet department

Now days internet and social media is very popular platform to share the news, so the newspapers are started to have a separate department for dealing with internet affairs

 8.      Organizational structure of Doordarshan 

 

 

 ·         Director General of Doordarshan is responsible for the overall administration of the Doordarshan network.

·         Doordarshan is divided into four wings: Programme, News, Engineering and Administration and Finance.

·         Programme wing deals with all aspects relating to programme conception, production and procurement at the national, regional and local level

·         News wing puts out news bulletins and other current affairs programmes at the national and regional level.

·         Engineering wing deals with all the hardware requirements of the entire network including the space segment and the studios, transmitters etc.

·         Administration and Finance using deals with the administrative and financial aspects including general administration, personal management, budget and plan coordination.

·         The overall head of all the departments in Doordarshan is Director General.

·         In Doordarshan, the Director General heads the Department of programme and Administration.

·         His main job is to supervise, guide, govern and control the entire functioning of the department.

He is assisted by

 ·         Additional Director General and Deputy Director General (Development)

·         Deputy Director General (News and current affairs)

·         Deputy Director General (Communication and film)

·         Director (Finance and Personnel control).

·         Deputy Director general (Production and Transmission)

In addition to that there is a large number of staff in Doordarshan which are directly associated with pre-production, production and post production.

These staff members are- Programme producer, programme executive, video engineer, vision control operator, Lighting engineer, cameraman, vision mixer, studio engineers, Make-up supervisors, script designer, program Assistant, production assistant, Audio control manager, MIC boom operator, script writer etc.

 

9.      Organizational structure of a private television channel

             The organization of a television station depends on the size of the market in which it operates and the type of ownership under which it exists. For example, small-market television stations may only retain skeleton crews for each department whereas large-market stations may have as many as fifty employees on the payroll for a given department. In addition, larger stations may necessitate the division of departments into smaller branches in order to increase efficiency.

 General Administration

        General administration operations manage and distribute the revenue received from station sales of advertising time. This includes the appropriation of available funds to each department as well as the billing of supplies and services both inter-departmentally and externally to clients and advertising agencies. In short, the general administrative function supports and maintains the operations of the entire station. Under the general administration division are the general manager or station manager, the business manager, the accountants, the secretaries, and other administrative and office staff. 

 

Sales

 

        The sales department at a television station is responsible for generating the revenue for the station to survive. A general sales manager leads a team that is comprised of a national/regional sales manager, a local sales manager, account executives, and at times, a traffic manager. However, the salespeople of television must negotiate advertising sales using a rate card, a definitive list of airtime costs during the various time periods and television programs. Furthermore, the television account executive can also offer to create the advertisement for a client if the client so chooses, in which case the sales department cooperates with the production and programming departments for this venture.

Programming

 

       The programming department, in conjunction with the production and news departments, acquires and schedules the product that the audience consumes, which in turn allows the sales department to create revenue, which in turn allows the general administration department to facilitate station operations. The programming department is responsible for filling the entire broadcast day with programming and is therefore saddled with arguably the most challenging job in television. Consequently, this department also works closely with the traffic department in structuring the daily programming schedule.

 

 Production

 

     The production department works closely with the programming, news, engineering, and sales divisions. Its sole responsibility is to produce the various programs, be they news packages, newscasts, public-affairs programs, station promotional spots, client commercials, or other productions that a station may require.

 

News

 

    The news department is primarily responsible for creating news programming such as newscasts and news interview shows, although sometimes members of the news team will participate in the production of public-affairs programs. The news department is headed by the news director, who oversees all news operations and produces the final program. Assignment editors coordinate with the news director and assign stories to available reporters. Copy editors may also be employed to review and edit the written stories, and videotape editors may be employed to edit footage together. The remaining staff may consist of news anchors and reporters, sports anchors and reporters, and meteorologists.

 

Advertising and Promotions

 

     Advertising and promotions is where a station creates its own promotional spots and advertisements in an attempt to gain more viewership, and therefore more advertising dollars from local, regional, and national companies.

 

Engineering

 

        It is the duty of this department to transmit the programming product of a station to its audience.  The employees include the chief engineer, who oversees all technical operations, the broadcast technicians, who help maintain the equipment, and the master control operators, who actually put the programming on air. The two main areas of responsibility for engineering are master control and technical supervision. 

 

10.      Television channel news department

 

·        News department is responsible for creating news program

·        The news department is headed by news director

·        News director is assisted by executive producer and assistant news director

·        Assistant editor coordinate with the news director and assign stories to reporters

·        Copy editors review and edit the news content

·        Photographers take the photos and video of the event

·        Video editor edit the video of news content

·        News anchors are there to present news items

·        In live news production the reporter and camera man cover the news, the production department edit it and the engineering department broadcast news items

·        Reporters are there to collect various news information.

 

11.      All India Radio

 

  

(1)  Director General (DG)

             He is responsible for the overall administration of All India Radio

 

(2)  Program division

·        This division is responsible for production of various radio programs

·        The DG is assisted by additional DG’s for making program

 

(3)  Audience Research Unit

·        It surveys the listening habits and program preferences of people

·        It is to planning effective programs

 

(4)  New division

·        They are collecting various news information and broadcast to public

·        It is headed by the DG news service

 

(5)  Engineering division

·        This division is responsible for broadcasting radio programs

·        The DG is assisted by editor – in - chief

 

(6)  Administrative division

 

This department deals the matters of administration, finance and security

 

 12.      Greiner’s development model of organization

  

  

(1)  Growth through creativity

 

·        The company is young and small in size

·        The organization is informal and the employees are loyal

·        The organization structure is flat

·        Here one person is controlling everything, so leadership crisis arises

 

(2)  Growth through direction

 

·        Rules and procedures are formalized and standardized

·        The coordination remains in the hands of company owner

·        Because of further growth the coordination may become too big for owner

 

(3)  Growth through delegation

 

·        The entrepreneur delegate the important task to his middle management

·        A division structure is created with individual manager

·        The middle managers are responsible for achieving objectives

·        It is difficult for management to coordinate all the departments, thus there is a risk of management crisis

 

(4)  Growth through coordination

 

·        More emphasis is put on the coordination between various departments

·        The rules have made the company to rigid thus red tape crisis arises

 

(5)  Growth through cooperation

 

·        In this phase cooperation between line and staff departments is aimed at and this creates a break-up of the hierarchical coordination.

·        This phase is characterized by much mutual contact between employees via all kinds of consultation groups.

·        There is little formalization and standardization.

 

(6)  Growth through alliances

 

·        The organization acquires good external contacts and alliances

·        This can be found in merging or alliancing other companies

·        Organization is more focused on alliances than its own main business, thus identity crisis will arise.

 

13.      Media as social institution

 

(1)  Promoting National Integration

 

·        Media creates the feeling of togetherness as Indian irrespective of religion, caste, color, etc.

·        People joining together to help people during flood earthquake is an example for national integration

 

(2)  Safeguarding citizen rights

 

·        Mass medias protect human rights of Indian citizens

·        Each and every person of India can get the government information, getting education, and work anywhere in India.

 

(3)  Education

 

·        Quiz program, distance education programs are educating people

·        To attend the public exams newspapers publish 10^th and 12^th standard model question and answer for students.

 

(4)  Agriculture

 

·        Many programs related to agricultural in radio, television, newspaper and magazine educate farmers.

·        People get awareness about organic food through mass media

 

(5)  Environmental exposure

 

·        Mass media keep on insisting people, keep the surrounding clean not burning tyres and plastics, save water and electricity, plant trees, etc. to have healthy life. 

 

(6)  Health and family welfare

 

·        Mass media informs people about the disease, reason and protection by broadcasting doctors programs.

·        Dietitian programs give tips about food habits

 

(7)  Science and technology

 

·        It informs people about the new inventions of home appliances, communication technologies, machineries, etc.

 

 14.      Production Project Cycle (PPC)

 

(1)  Initiation

 

·        A concept is required to start a production

·        We can get concept from a book, an idea, brainstorming, etc.

·        The concept is assessed and evaluated for production

 

(2)  Pre-production

 

·        It is the first stage of production

·        Budget is prepared in this stage

·        Detailed planning of the production takes place

·        Responsibilities are assigned to each person

·        Script is prepared for production

 

(3)  Production

 

·        It is stage of executing the script

·        The actors are performing and the actions are videographed

·        Script is distributed to the various production department

·        Transport, staying, food, place for rehearsal are arranged

 

(4)  Post production

 

·        Videos are edited and dubbing is done

·        Background music, SFX, VFX are added to videos

·        Titling, adding graphic and animation to the visuals are done

 

(5)  Completion

 

·        The program is previewed for distribution

·        After preview, the program is sent to channel for broadcasting

·        The response of the audiences are monitored

 

15.      Types or models of organizational culture

 

(1)  Power culture

 

·        Control radiate from the center

·        Power is held with few individuals

·        There are few rules and regulations in a power cultures

·        Employees are judged by what they achieve

 

(2)  Role culture

 

·        It is based on roles

·        Everyone in the organization know their roles and responsibilities

·        Power in a role culture is determined by a person’s position in the organizational culture.

·        Decision making is slow in this culture

 

(3)  Task culture

 

·        Teams are formed to solve particular problems

·        Power derives from experts

·        Team may develop own objectives

·        With the right mix of skills, leadership, working in teams can be productive and creative.

 

(4)  Personal culture

 

·        Individuals very much see themselves as superior to the organization

·        The organization exists in order for people to work

·        It is a collection of individuals who are working for same organization

 

 16.      Functions of circulation department - Circulation department is headed by circulation manager. He is responsible for delivering the publication from press to readers home.

 

(1)  City circulation

 

·        It involves the maintenance of circulation records for the city of publication

·        The supervision of district men who oversee circulation by the sub-division of city.

 

(2)  Area circulation

 

·        Delivering publication for the surrounding area

·        Post, taxis are used to distribute the publication

 

(3)  Sales promotion

 

·        It involves office staff to keep records, subscription, renewing, handling complaints over the counter by post.

·        Public relations department is responsible for promotion of sales 

17. Contract in media industry (for its workers)

 

(1)  Full time permanent

 

·        The job roles are managerial, editorial, financial, creative, sales and marketing

·        Workers has to work for 39 hours a week

·        Worker is a regular member of staff can get the benefits including pension, sick, pay, maternity leave and holiday pay

 

(2)  Part time permanent

 

·        The job roles are financial, sales and marketing

·        The worker can get same benefits as full time permanent but on reduced basis due to fewer working hours

 

(3)  Fixed term and freelance

 

·        The job roles are technical, creative, sales and marketing

·        Fixed term contract may get company benefits if mentioned in contract, but it is not applicable for freelancer

 

(4)  Shift work

 

·        The working hours are set to a certain time of a day

·        It include late or night work

 

(5)  Office hours

 

·        The job roles are financial sales and marketing and some assistance job

·        Usually the working time will be 9am to 5pm

 

(6)  Irregular hours

 

·        Working extra hours in the organization

·        The worker is paid extra money for his extra time work

 

(7)  Salaried

 

·        A person is a permanent worker of an organization who gets salary on every month

·        His job roles are managerial, technical and creative

 

 

(8)  On completion

 

·        This people work for commission basis

·        He is not a permanent employee of an organization

18.      Contracts (agreement) in media industry

          Media contract means any written, oral or other agreement, contract, subcontract, lease, understanding, instrument, note, warranty, license, sublicense or legally binding commitment or undertaking of any nature, whether express or implied, related to the Media Assets.

Intellectual Property

            No matter the type of contract that is used, there is typically a clause stating who owns the publishing rights, potential royalties, and the piece as a whole. These clauses are used most often when contracting with written content providers, script writers, video producers, publications, and advertising agencies.

            Such agreements require an increased level of visibility and accountability. Deadlines, reminders, contract expiration and renewal dates, and any other terms of the contract must be monitored closely for precise compliance. Contract management systems allows to draft contracts, collaborate with others, and set email alerts to remind you of deadlines, payment dates, and any other reminder that you might need.

Freelance Agreements

         A common contract for media producers is a freelancer contract, or an independent contractor agreement. Freelance writers, videographers, musicians, and various other entertainers are often brought on to help with a single project, and then released back into the wild.

         Media companies need to be able to manage dozens of freelance contracts simultaneously, facing the same problems of managing deadlines, dates, and terms, but with the added difficulty of multiplying the need by however many active contracts they have. Companies should also be able to renew easily.

International Contracts

        Media companies, particularly news agencies and those in the film industry, constantly transfer content internationally. They will often employ foreigners to do the work in different countries, meaning that their contracts must comply with international law. This makes it imperative that media companies monitor closely to see that regulations are being met perfectly.

Technology Agreements

         The media industry thrives on the use of technology, particularly newer media, such as social media. Technology comes with various types of contracts, however, each of which has its own set of terms and conditions. Each of these varying contracts comes with expiration dates, renewal dates, payment cycles, and a whole host of other things.

19.      Functions of media organization

            (1)  Planning

 

·        It involves selecting the appropriate media for campaign

·        Choosing the target audience is important

·        Right place, right time, right medium and right communication message are planned

·        Media planning involves how frequently a message should reach the audience

 

(2)  Organizing

 

·        Controlling the overall structure of the company

·        It involves assigning jobs and responsibilities to employees

·        It develops the organizational structure and chain of command 

 

(3)  Staffing

 

·        Selecting staff for the right job

·        It involves training and development, performance appraisal, promotions and transfer.

 

(4)  Coordinative

 

·        Control all the organizing, planning and staffing activities of the company

·        In ensures all activities function together for the welfare of the organization

·        Meeting and planning sessions take place with department heads

·        It involves communication, supervision, and direction by management

 

(5)  Controlling

 

·        Ensuring all the functions of organization are operating successfully

·        It involves establishing performance standards and monitoring the output of employees

·        It leads to the identification of problems that need to be solved

 

 

20.      Status of Indian media industry

 

(1)  Television industry

 

·        It is a mass media which has thousands of channels and programs

·        Today India is the second largest television market in the world

·        Television serials are popular with housewife and working women

·        Approximately half of all Indian households own a television

·        India has highest television viewership in the world

 

(2)  Radio industry

 

·        All India Radio is one of the largest radio networks in world

·        It includes AM, FM and satellite radio

·        Industry gains more profit

·        Many private FM radio such as Suryan FM, Radio Mirchi, Hello FM broadcast various programs

 

(3)  Print industry

 

·        Indian print industry is growing strong

·        It is moving towards digitalization

·        India is world second largest industry with over 90 million copies in circulation per day

·        Most newspaper has an online presence

·        Newspaper gains more revenue through advertisement

·        Newspapers have launched area specific newspaper – Example – Kodambakkam Times, Anna Nagar Times, Etc.

 

(4)  Film industry

 

·        It is the most important form of entertainment in India

·        India produced more number of films than other countries

·        Films come in Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada, Hindi and many regional languages

·        Approximately 23 million Indians go to see film everyday

·        Bollywood earns 46 percentage of total Indian film industry revenue

·        Nearly 6 million people employ in this industry

 

 21.      Leisure time activity

 It is time when a person is not working – free time

 Free time is used for enjoyment using radio, television, etc.

 

(1)  Go to cinema - Cinema is one of the entertainment medium where people go to watch movie on big screen. Usually people go to theatre during weekends.

 

(2)  Watching TV - Television provides various entertainment programs such as songs, comedy, cartoon, news, etc. People watch television everyday to relax after their work

 

(3)  Spending time with family and friends - Talking with family members make the relationship closer. Going out to cinema, restaurant, coffee shop with fiends to spend time

 

(4)  Play video games - Some spend time on video games through computer, play station, etc. We can play video games individually or with family and fiends

 

(5)  Listen to music - Songs are important stress releasing element in human life. People listen to songs, carnatic music, and instrumental music

 

(6)  Playing  - People play at free time to stay fit and healthy. Playing football, cricket, swimming, volleyball keeps man healthy

 

(7)  Gardening - Plant flowers, vegetables, herbs, and maintain garden by watering it and feeding it with fertilizer.

 

(8)  Shopping - People like to go to shopping malls to buy clothes, play games and buying household items

 

(9)  Go to park - People go to park alone or with family and fiends. There we can walk, talk, play, etc

 

(10)         Art and craft - Many people draw and paint during free time. Children spend time happily by doing craft

 

 

 

22. Cost factors in different media

 

(1)  Film production

 

·        Major amount is spent for actor and actress salary

·        Amount also spent for pre-production processes such as location searching, script writing, storyboard, etc.

·        It takes more money for post production processes such as editing, dubbing.

·        Nowadays animation and visual effects include in film expenses

·        Hiring equipments for shooting is another expenses

·        Set design, costumes, clothes, food and other expenses are there in film production

·        Film companies spend money for insurance, permits and other expenses

 

(2)  Television channel

 

·        Television channels pay salary for their employees

·        They spend money to  buy broadcasting devices

·        They pay money for getting satellite space

·        They pay tax to the government

·        They construct set design for various programs

·        They spend money for food, transport, space rental for studios, etc

 

(3)  Newspaper

 

·        Newspaper organization pays salary for their employees

·        Small newspapers pay rental for office, printing press and store room

·        They spend money for buying printing machine, news print papers, ink, printing plate, etc.

·        Newspaper pays amount to news agencies for their service

·        Transportation, circulation also the cost factors of newspaper

·        Newspaper pays amount for insurance and tax 

 

 

23. Buyer seller relationship in media

 Seller – the media companies are called sellers, because they sell space and time for advertising, programs and information. Newspaper, magazine, radio and television media are doing the selling function.

 Buyer – product manufacturers are called buyers because they buy space and time in newspaper, magazine, television and radio to publish and broadcast their media content.

Relationship

 

·        Buyers expect quick responses from sellers

·        Delayed response leads to misunderstanding between them

·        Relationship includes patient listening

·        Both buyer and seller should be honest when they make mistake

·        They should have meetings to solve communication gap

·        Telephonic conversation makes them to clarify doubts

 

24. 4 Ps of marketing

 

(1)  Product

 

·        Product is a goods manufactured by an organization to satisfy the customer needs

·        Different products are perishable and non-perishable such as electronic goods, cosmetics, FMCG products

·        The benefits and main features of the product should be understood by the customer

·        The USP of the product need to be studied

 

(2)  Price

 

·        It is the rate of the product

·        If the product rate is high, the sale will be less

·        If the product rate is low the sale will be high

·        People ready to buy high price product if it is branded

 

(3)  Promotion

 

·        It is an activity to increase the sale of product

·        It includes advertising, sales promotion, offers and public relations

·        Appropriate media channels to be used for promotion

·        It is used to make the people to understand about the product

 

(4)  Place

 

·        Proper location should be identified to sell the product

·        It is the way to provide service to customer

·        It includes the place of business and method of delivery

·        The delivery can be done through distributor, retailer, etc.

 

 25. Production house / company

 

·        The media company which creates program for radio, television and film called production house

·        AVM, Radan, Global Villagers are example for production house

·        Production house is responsible for fundraising for the production or through partner, private investors.

·        It handles budgeting, scheduling, scripting, production, distribution and marketing

·        It can be owned by a person or under contract with other organization

·        It is done by a producer or director

·        Production companies are ranked based on the amount of funding it has for the production.

 

26. Entrepreneur

 

·        A person who starts his own business taking on financial risks in the hope of profit

·        He is seen as an innovator, source of new ideas and business

·        He plays a key role in economic management

·        Entrepreneur brings good new ideas to market

·        He is rewarded with profit, fame and growth opportunities

·        They manufacture goods and provide service

·        He hires labour and provides leadership and management for business

 

27. Stages of project management

 

(1)  Project initiation - This is the first stage of project life cycle. The value of the project is measured. This is an evaluation of project goal, time and the cost

 

(2)  Project planning - It is the plan to guide the team. It is used to complete the project on time and within the budget. Proper planning of the project leads to quality output

 

(3)  Project execution - The project is done in this stage. It is happened by allocating resources (men & material). It keep team members focused on their assigned task

 

(4)  Project monitoring and control - The project progress must be constantly monitor. Monitoring and control helps to keep the project moving smoothly

 

(5)  Project closure - Once the project is completed the finished project is delivered to customer. It allows the team to evaluate and document the project. Mistakes are identified and rectified in the next projects

28. Strategic management (5Ps)

 

(1)  Plan - It is an idea used to develop business. It includes how the product is going to sell, the cost, etc

 

(2)  Ploy - It is a plan to complete with other products. Bu using specific ploy one can success in his business. The successful ploy may be able to take control market segmentation

 

(3)  Pattern - It is a stream of actions. It tells about what is going on in the business currently

 

(4)  Position - Locating an organization in an environment. All businesses fight for position in the market place. Position includes method of sales, the quality and price

 

(5)  Perspective - It means how an individual think about an organization. It is shared by member of organization through their elections

 

 29. Prime time (program)

 

·        It is also called as peak time

·        Prime time occurs between 7pm and 10.30pm

·        The program which is broadcasted during prime time is called prime time program

·        Prime time program gets more advertisement

·        Prime time programs are television serials, movies and other entertainments

·        The prime time programs designed to attract children and families

·        Morning 6am to 10am and evening 3pm to 7pm are prime times in radio

 

 30. Legal issues in media

 

·        Copyright is a big issue the media industry faces. It means a person cannot use original material (concept, story) of other person.

·        It is also illegal to discriminate anyone on grades of race, sex and disability

·        National security such as official secret act, prevention of terrorism act is another legal issue filmmaker’s face.

·        Before filming it is important to ensure everybody’s health and safety

·        One company trade mark should not be used by other company

·        People should not work in two or more television channels simultaneously

·        The media industry faces some ethical issues such as privacy, truth and trust

·        The news reporter should not submit the biased information

·        No two products should be compared in advertisements

·        Publishing or broadcasting defamation messages is a big issue the media faces.

 

 31. Marketing process

 Marketing is the process of communicating the value of product to customer to sell the product

(1)  Situation analysis

 

·        The company identifies customer needs to satisfy

·        It analysis external and internal environment of a company

·        It includes past, present and future aspects of company

 

(2)  Marketing strategy

 

·        Market research will provide specific market information

·        Research helps to select the target market

·        It includes targeting, segmentation and positioning of product

 

(3)  Marketing mix

 

·        Specifying designing and producing the product

·        It includes pricing decisions, distribution and promotional contracts.

 

(4)  Implementation and control

 

·        The product has been launched

·        The result of the marketing effort should be monitored closely

·        As the market changes the marketing mix can be adjusted

 

32. Sponsor

                           

·        Any kind of support given by a person or an organization to an event or program is called sponsor

·        Airtel is the main sponsor for the program super singer in Vijay TV

·        Sponsorship increase awareness and used for brand building

·        There is a contract between sponsor and the sponsored party

·        It is a kind of promotion which is cheaper and more effective than advertising

·        It can be in the form of money, print out, media support, etc

33. Behaviour

 

(1)  Group behavior

 

·        Two or more individuals who have come together to achieve particular objectives is called group behavior

·        Here verbal and non verbal communication takes place

·        All members agree that they are part of group

·        There is a chance to become a leader

·        A distinguished work group defined by organization structure is called formal group

·        A group that is neither formally structured nor organizationally structured is informal group

 

(2)  Individual behavior

 

It can be defined as how an individual behaves at work

Factors influencing individual behavior are

(a)  Perception – it is the respects of various senses like feeling, seeing, hearing, etc.

(b)  Attitude – it can be negative or positive. I like my job is a positive attitude towards my work.

(c)  Personality – some people seem to be very friendly and some others not

(d)  Emotions – there are happy moment we cherish and the sad moments like anger, frustrations that we try to forget.

 

(3)  Organizational behavior

 

·        It is the study of both group and individual performance activity within an organization

·        It examines human behavior in a work environment, performance, communication, etc.

·        Organization is a combination of humanity and technology

·        People within the organization woks based on the structure

·        It is a system of cooperative activities

·        It helps the manager to manage human resources effectively

·        It helps individual to understand about organization

 

 34. organizational structure

 It is how works are formally divided, grouped and coordinated within an organization

 

(1)  Work specialization

 

·        An entire job is broken down into steps and each step is completed by a different person

·        The job is assigned based on expert and experiences

·        It increases productivity

·        Employees have defined roles and standardized work processes

 

(2)  Departmentalization

 

·        Departmentalization is the dividing of organizational functions into separate departments

·        Department is divided based on its functions

·        Similar skill experts are working in a department 

 

(3)  Chain of command

 

·        It refers to a company’s hierarchy of reporting relationships who must answer to whom

·        It lays out a lines of authority and decision making power

·        Authority, responsibility, accountability are included in chain of command

 

(4)  Span of control

 

·        It means the number of subordinate that can be managed effectively by a superior

·        Narrow span of control means a single manager oversees few subordinates

·        Wide span of control means a single manager oversees a large number subordinates

 

(5)  Centralization and decentralization

 

·        In a centralized organizational structure decision making authority is concentrated at the top and only a few people are responsible for decision making.

·        In a decentralized organization, authority is delegated to all levels of management

 

(6)  Formalization

 

·        It is a process in which managers specify procedures, rules and responsibilities for the individual employees

·        It leads to the development of relationship and operating procedures

35. Organizational design

 

(1)  Traditional organizational design

 

Simple structure – It consists of owner and employees. The authority is centralized in a single person

 

Functional structure – It groups similar experts together. Example – functions of operations, finance, research and development

 

Divisional structure – Each division has limited authority. Divisional manager is responsible for performance of that particular division.

 

(2)  Contemporary organizational design

 

Team structure – The entire organization is made up of teams. Teams design their work and responsible for it.

 

Matrix and project structure – It assign specialist from different functional department to work. In project structure the employees continuously work on projects.

 

Virtual organization – It is a recent development in information technology to get work done. It composed of full time employees and employees who can work from their home

 

Network organization – It minimizes or eliminates organizational boundaries. It outsources major business functions

 

36. Organizational design issues and challenges

 

·        The process constructing and adjusting an organizational structure to achieve its goal is called organizational design.

·        Small space in organization provides poor facility to work and difficult in employees movement.

·        It is difficult to connect employees in virtual and network organization

·        Most organizations are not providing opportunity to learn, acquire and share new knowledge

·        In today’s business environment managers need to be familiar with the issues surrounding.

37. Principles of media management

 

·        It is a money management

·        They sell space and time

·        Having contract with all media are important

·        Cost efficiency – less production cost and more profit.

·        Creating appropriate media plan and monitoring it is important.

·        Media plan must reflect the overall marketing strategy

·        Keep the media door open to media suppliers

·        Everyone in the media organization should be kept informed all the activities

38. Innovation and creativity in media

 

(1)  Innovation

 

·        It is defined as a new idea, device or method

·        In media innovative ideas are used in program to attract the audience

·        It includes digital magazines, websites, apps, blogs, etc

·        Audience watches programs which have innovative ideas and concept

·        Advertisement with innovative ideas gets more audience attention

 

(2)  Creativity

 

·        The use of imagination or idea to create something new

·        Creativity is used in video games as new ideas are being developed for games.

·        It is highly used on youtube as people use their own ideas to create a video of their choice and upload onto youtube for other people to see.

·        Creativity is used on facebook, whatsapp by changing photos.

·        Artists use creativity when making music videos

·        Creativity is widely used in advertisement while copy writing, composing music, etc.

·        Creativity is used in film in developing stories, characters, editing, sound, special effects, etc.

·        Creativity used in fashions by the magazines focusing highly on people’s image

 

 

 

 39. Audience trends

 

·        An individual or collective group of people who read or consume any media text is audience. Example – Radio listener, Television viewers, and Magazine and Newspaper readers

·        People use to access new media such as internet, whatsapp, facebook, than old medias.

·        More people use digital media nowadays.

·        Since mobile media provides more information’s it dominate other media.

·        People use mobile media for playing games, watching movies, listening to songs, reading newspaper, etc.

 

 40. Media consumer and behavior

 

·        Social media influences buying behavior

·        Media changed re - inforce individual belief

·        Media changes behavior, attitude of their consumer by watching the program

·        Media content influences their uses in many situation

·        Media users tend to dress, speak, behave, act like media person

·        Some people involved in illegal and misbehavior because of media

 

 41. Functions of media management

             Any task that relates to processing your media is considered to be media management, such as capturing, compression, copying, moving, or deleting media files. It also refers to keeping track of the media files via clip properties such as log notes, scene number, shot/take number, and so on. The functions of media management are

 

1.      Plan

·        It is the base upon which all the areas of management should be built

·        Planning requires administration to assess where the company is presently set, and where it would be in the future.

·        From there an appropriate course of action is determined and implemented to attain the company’s goals and objectives 

·        Depending on the conditions, a company may have to alter its course of action in accomplishing certain goals which is known as strategic planning

·        In strategic planning, management analyzes inside and outside factors that may affect the company and so objectives and goals.

·        Here they should study of strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats

2.      Organize

 

·        Management must organize all its resources well before in hand to put into practice the course of action to decide that has been planned in the base function

·        Through this process, management will now determine the inside directorial configuration establish and maintain relationships and also assign require resources

·        They also see to the harmonization of staff, and try to find out the best way to handle the important tasks and expenditure of information within the company

·        Management determines the division of work according to its need. It also has to decide for suitable departments to hand over authority and responsibilities

 

3.      Direct

 

·        This function helps the management to control and supervise the actions of the staff

·        This helps them to assist the staff in achieving the company’s goals and also accomplishing their personal or career goals which can be powered by motivation, communication, department dynamics, and department leadership

·        They come about with prize and incentive programs based on job performance and geared in the direction of the employees requirements.

·        It is important to maintain a productive working environment, building positive interpersonal relationships, and problem solving. And this can be done with effective communication

·        The finest technique of finding the areas that requires improvement is to ask themselves and other at regular intervals, how well they are doing. This leads to better relationship and helps the managers for better directing plans

 

4.      Control

 

·        It includes establishing performance standards which are of course based on the company’s objective

·        It also involves evaluating the reporting of actual job performance.

·        In an effort of solving performance problems, they should straightforwardly speak to the employee or department having problem

 

 42.      Structure of local media organization (Structure of a Typical Small Magazine)

 

Editor in Chief

             The chief editor oversees the whole content and makes sure the flow of the magazine is seamless. As a top editor, this person is responsible for making all the final decisions and is constantly getting reports from the managing editor, creative director and the executive editor.

 Executive Editor

             The executive editor selects the writers, assigns them stories and edits their articles. He or she usually writes the larger stories and the cover headlines that must be short, sweet and catchy. However, in larger magazines, the executive editor may have a staff of editors to oversee such as the features editor and a specializing editor.

 Writers/contributing editors

             These people are paid staff members and are expected to produce certain kinds of copy and articles for each issue of the magazine. Most magazines have relatively free writers on staff.

 Assistants

             An editorial assistant writes small sections, answers calls, makes the coffee and does whatever the editor assigns on a day-to-day basis. An assistant editor has more experience, is given more responsibilities and gets paid higher but is still in the assisting role. 

Staff writer

            The staff writer is the immediate target-partner because she/he combines the function of a reporter with that of a feature writer.

43. Proposal – prepare a dummy proposal to a funding agent

 

·        A social media proposal is a document that you present to your prospective client outlining how you can help them achieve their goals.

·        A proposal is neither a pitch nor a contract. But it is a key part of the client acquisition process that converts a prospect into a customer.

·        It’s used after a consultation and research into what your potential client needs. But before you’ve signed contracts.

·        Your prospect needs to know what you can do for them, and a proposal is the medium for you to convey your message.

 Preparing proposal

1. Introduction

·        You want to set your prospective client’s expectations and show you understand what they require. 

·        Use words like you, yours and we to address the prospective customer directly and establish a relationship

·        Use the tone that matches your agency. Be authentic and build trust.

·        Next, you can go into a little more detail matching their business goals to social media goals and objectives.

·        For example, if the prospective client indicated they wanted to grow their audience on social media, you could say:

·        Goal 1 - Increase the number of Instagram followers in the age range 35-45 by 20% over the next six months. 

2. Scope of work

·        Here’s where you state what activities you’re going to perform for your prospective client. It’s worth adding why you’re proposing to do each item, so they understand the reason behind it.

·        Creating a social media content calendar, creating images, taking photographs, recording videos, writing captions, and curating industry-related content.

·        Outline why you’ve chosen specific social networks; e.g. they are more suited to the target audience, their competitors are active there.

·        Include a schedule of review overall performance.

3. Project milestones and deadlines

Use this section to define how you’ll measure a project’s success. Don’t forget to benchmark current performance levels so you can measure the growth.

 4. Proof of work

·        It’s highly likely that your prospective client will review several proposals. So aside from explaining what you plan to do, you should show why you’re the best option. 

·        An excellent way to show your value is to use results, case studies, and testimonials from other clients.

5. Terms of agreement

·        Use this section to propose your fees and payment terms.

·        Fees: Depending on the scope of the work there may be several components including a fixed project or an hourly or monthly retainer.

·        Payment: Specify how you invoice and what your payment terms are.

·        Termination: Include how either party may end the agreement. 

6. Next steps for the client

Draw your proposal to a conclusion by outlining the next steps for the client in the process. For example

• Accept the proposal as-is
• Discuss any changes 
• Request and sign the contract
• Submit an initial payment 

 

44.      Stages of television production

 Pre-production

 

·        This stage is finalizing the preparations for film production.

·        The budget of the film is prepared

·        Important cast members, director and cinematographer are selected.

·        The screenplay is finalized

·        The script is broken down into individual scenes.

·        Storyboard creations, location search, props, costumes, special effects and visual effects are identified.

·        Detailed schedule is prepared and distributed to the team members.

·        Sets are constructed

 Production

                 ·        It is the stage of film shooting

·        More crew will be recruited such as property master, script supervisor, assistant directors and still photographers.

·        The crew and the actors are present in the location on time.

·        The actors are well dressed and go to the hair and make-up departments.

·        The actors rehearse script

·        Finally the action is shot

·        Assistant and associate directors are helping directors during shooting.

 Post – production

                 ·        It is done after the shooting

·        The film editor edits the footage in a sequential order

·        The sound is recorded edited and music tracks are scored

·        Sound effects are designed and recorded

·        Computer graphic, visual effects, titling are digitally added

·        Finally all sound elements are mixed which are added to picture and the film is fully ready for distribution.

45.      Process of evaluation

     ·        Media evaluation is a tool used to measure corporate or brand reputation.

·        Media evaluation is very important to understand the idea of a particular media type for a product or service.

·        Media evaluation is the analysis of media content based on tonal value and presence of key messages.

·        The International Association for Measurement and Evaluation of Communication (AMEC) is the industry appointed trade body for companies and individuals involved in research, measurement and evaluation in editorial media coverage and related communications issues.

·        It has become an integral part of the planning, research and evaluation process used by PR practitioners.

·        There are different attributes of a product or service for which different communication medium are chosen. Similar media strategy cannot be followed for all types of products.

·        Once the medium to send the message is chosen, it is necessary to evaluate the medium. The effectiveness of media determines the reach the message will cover.

 

 46.      Recent trends in marketing (promotion) a program

 

·        Promos typically run from 15 to 60 seconds, with 30-second spots being the most common

·        Most promos show select video or audio clips of scenes or segments from an upcoming program (such as a television or radio series, film or special).

·        Some television promos (particularly for an upcoming television series) utilize a monologue format in which a star or host of the program

·        Most radio promos utilize this format as well,, with a host of the program discussing the show itself

·        Broadcast television stations promote upcoming newscasts by featuring teases of select story packages to be featured in the broadcast, such as an investigative report or a special-interest feature segment.

·        The airdate and time of the program's broadcast as well as the name and/or logo of the station or network that the program will be broadcast on are displayed either at the end of or throughout the promo

·        Types of promotional media:- 1) television 2) radio 3) internet 4) billboards 5) newspapers, magazines 6) pamphlets 7) SMS 8) brochures 9) word of mouth

·        An ad in the lower third of a TV screen during a show helps to remind people what network they are watching. Called a snipe, this type of promotion targets people.

47.      Media enterprise

      ·        Media enterprises are strategically organized economic unit whose central work is             generating and marketing of media.

·        The generation of media is the bundling of internally and externally generated content and its transformation into a medium. The marketing is the direct or indirect distribution of media.

·        The term media in this connection is restricted to one-to-many-communication with one sender and a large number of consumers. More precisely, the focus is on newspapers, magazines, books, music, television, films, internet and games.

·        Media enterprises operate in three different markets. They sell their services in form of content like information and entertainment, as well as in form of advertising space.

·        The content is offered to the consumer markets which differ depending of the type of media and the way it is used by consumers. The advertising spaces are traded on advertisement markets.

·        The third markets are procurement markets. They do not produce all their offered content themselves but buy service packages of both, information and entertainment, from procurement markets. For example, authors and artists contracts or license and copyright deals can be acquired.

·        In fact, the three described media markets each media enterprise can be active in are strongly interdependent. For example, there is a strong relationship between advertisement and consumer markets as the success among consumers drives advertising revenues.

·        Furthermore, there are geographic media markets. Some firms operate in a national market while other companies, for example, local radio stations operate in a regional area.

 

 48.      Project specification

             A Project Specification (or spec) is a comprehensive description of objectives for a development project. It contains all goals, functionality, and details required for a development team to fulfill the vision of the client.

Reason for project specification

 

• For project managers, it functions as a ‘one source of truth’ document, a place where they can add all notes relating to the functionality
• For developers, the spec is an instructional guide of what they are going to build and why
• For clients, the project spec is an agreement of what they can expect from the final product
• For testers, the spec is a clear indication of how the site should function
• New team members can be easily brought up to speed on a project, whether they are client-side or in your own organization. All they need to do is read the spec!

 

 49.      Define shooting schedule. Explain the importance

 ·        A shooting schedule is a project plan that every film, tv show, and commercial follows to make sure the production goes smoothly.

·        It's a simple breakdown of the scenes, talent, time, cast, company moves, and day breaks.

·        It is normally created and managed by the assistant director, who reports to the production manager managing the production schedule.

·        Both schedules represent a timeline stating where and when production resources are used.

·        These days, a shooting schedule is often created on a computer. Scenes are inputted manually into a spreadsheet for reordering.

            This is an example of a Shooting schedule, it's clear to see that there is a lot of information in this picture. For example; From left to right there is Date,"Shot" Board, Ones/Twos, Location Set, Synopsis, Character, Props, Lighting, and camera info. On this you can have anything from the location, which is shown as being "A hospital Room", this is important so that the actors know what scene they are filming and what kind of environment that they are working in, also to back this up is that they tell you exactly the times that they will be working and also the specific scene that they will be filming. As it says at the top, a production companies shooting schedule is the most important part of a production company. 

50.      Production strategies (plan) for different media agencies

 

·        A media agency plans and buys the media necessary to advertise to that client's target market. 

·        A media agency is in charge of the strategic recommendations of media activity for your campaigns. They specialise in finding the right placement at the right time for the right price.

·        Media agencies advise companies on how and where to advertise, and on how to present a positive picture of themselves to the public.

·        Primary services include advertising, public relations and other forms of media management.

 1- Attracting clients

• Advertising agency needs clients (advertisers). Without them, it cannot survive. 

2- Account Management

• Within an advertising agency the account manager or account executive is tasked with handling all major decisions related to a specific client. 

• The account manager works closely with the client to develop an advertising strategy. 

3- Creative Team

• Advertising agency put the advertising-plan into action under its creative function. Creation of ads is the most important function of an ad agency. Generally, it involves activities like: 

• Copy writing, Drawing photographs, Making illustrations, layouts, an effective ad message, etc. 

• These jobs are done by experts like copy writers, artists, designers, etc. These people are highly skilled and creative. They make an advertisement more appealing. Attractive ads help to increase the sales of the product. 

4- Researchers

• Full-service advertising agencies employ market researchers who assess a client’s market situation, including understanding customers and competitors, and also are used to test creative ideas. 

• Advertising agency gathers information related to the client's product. It collects following information about a product under its research function: 

• Features, quality, advantages and limitations of a product, Present and future market possibilities, Competition in the market, Situation in the market, Distribution methods, Buyers' preferences, so on 

• Ad agency analyses (studies) all this collected information properly and draws conclusions for its research. It helps in planning an advertising campaign, selecting proper media and creation function. 

5- Media Planners

• Advertising agency helps an advertiser to select a proper media (ad platform) to promote his advertisement effectively. 

• Advertising agency plans the entire ad campaign of its client. It is done when its research function is completed. That is, after analyzing the client's product, its competitors, market conditions, etc. 

• Once an advertisement is created, it must be placed through an appropriate advertising media. 

6- Advertising budget

• Advertising agency helps an advertiser to prepare his ad budget. It helps him to use his budget economically and make the best use of it. 
• Without a proper advertising budget, there is a risk of client's funds getting wasted or lost. 

7- Coordination

• Advertising agency brings a good coordination between the advertiser, itself, media and distributors. 

8- Sales promotion

• Advertising agency performs sales promotion. It helps an advertiser to introduce sales promotion measures for the dealers and consumers. This helps to increase the sales of the product. 

9- Public relations

• Advertising agency does the public relations (PR) work for its clients. It increases the goodwill between its clients and other parties like consumers, employees, middlemen, shareholders, etc. It also maintains good relations between the client and media owner. 

10- Non-advertising functions

• Advertising agency also performs many non-advertising functions: 

• It fixes the prices of the product, It determines the discounts, It designs the product, It also designs its package, trademarks, labels, etc.

51.      Characteristics of social media audience

 ·        They want freedom in everything they do, from freedom of choice to freedom of expression

·        They love to customize, personalize

·        They are the new scrutinizers

·        They look for corporate integrity and openness when deciding what to buy and where to work

·        They want entertainment and play in their work, education and social life

·        They are the collaboration and relationship generation

·        Has a need for speed and not just in video games

·        They are the innovators

52.      Communication as a process

             Communication is a series of actions between people and between animals that transfers information or meaning from one to the other. In a broad sense every series of related actions is a process and thus, communication can be considered a process. In a narrower sense, the one that says a process is a set of predetermined actions in a predetermined order that achieves a predetermined goal, then only some communication experiences fit the definition. For example teacher is the sender in the class room who has content of the subject. The content of the subject he has what is called as message. The students are the receiver in this place who receives the message. The desired output of this process is to impart knowledge about the subject to the students. Thus communication is a process. 

 

53.      Market factors operating the Indian media industry

 Budget  - It determines everything. Unless a media person has sufficient money he / she cannot produce a film or run newspaper.

 Star value – The name of the newspaper, program on famous television channels, famous magazine, well established star film are most important to withstand in the market

 The taste of the audience – The program taste of the audience is most important thing to be considered because they need different as well as entertaining program. Stereotyped programs are not at all work out nowadays.

 Concept of the program – Whether it is a film, television game show the concept is more important. It should be new and innovative or it should be presented in a new way.

 Promotion (Advertising) – Advertising television program, film or even a new newspaper or magazine is most important. It informs people about their new arrivals.

 

54.      Revenue models in media organization

Media revenue models

            One of the most important aspects of media is the fact that the media industry is just that: an industry. Most media producers and outlets are commercial in nature, with the main objective of making money. There are several methods or "revenue models" that media companies use to make money. The four most common revenue models are discussed below.

Advertising

            Advertising is the most common of all revenue models in traditional media and online. TV shows, newspapers, and websites offer their content (programming, news stories, etc.) at no charge (or at a low price) in order to attract a large audience. Advertisers wanting to promote the products they're selling pay the media outlets, which in turn place ads in between their content for the audience to experience.

Subscription

            Subscriptions are great for media types that are continually being updated - think a newspaper, a magazine, or cable TV - or have some kind of ongoing value - think websites like LinkedIn or informational databases. Subscriptions are popular with media companies because they provide steady revenues over time.

Pay-per-item

            The pay-per-item model works for media types that come in an individual package. An example of this is a pay per view movie on cable, a movie ticket at your local theater, or a CD or DVD.

Merchandising

            Media companies use merchandising (selling) as a secondary, or ancillary, income. This is popular with recognizable media franchises whose fan base would want to purchase related items. An example might be the merchandising efforts of a company like Disney, which produces and sells merchandise for all of it's big-budget movies and TV shows. For example, the original Star Wars movies earned more income through merchandising than through ticket sales.

 

 55.      Characteristics of organizational behavior

             “Organisational behaviour is the study and application of knowledge about how people act within an organisation. It applies broadly to the behaviour of people in all types of organisation.”

Organisational behaviour revolves around two fundamental components: 1. The nature of the man. 2. The nature of the organisation.

 

In other words, organisational behaviour may be organisation of individual’s behaviour in relation to physical means and resources so as to achieve the desired objective of the organisation.

Characteristics of Organisational Behavior:

1. Behavioural Approach to Management:

 

            Organisational behaviour is that part of whole management which represents the behavioural approach to management. Organisational behaviour has emerged as a distinct field of study because of the importance of human behaviour in organisations.

2. Cause and Effect Relationship:

 

            Human behaviour is generally taken in terms of cause and effect relationship. It helps in predicting the behaviour of individuals. It provides generalizations that managers can use to anticipate the effect of certain activities on human behaviour.

3. Organisational Behaviour is a Branch of Social Sciences:

 

·        Organization behavior uses various concepts of social science in performing various researches required for understanding organization structure. It is influenced by several social sciences. Sociology, Anthropology and Psychology are some of important social science used by organizational behavior. These disciplines provide organizational behavior with rich information necessary for performing its function

·        Organization behavior is termed as both science and art. It implies performing several researches and collecting data systematically regarding behavior. The collected information is then used to control and manage problems in the organization.

·        Collection of all relevant information systematically about human behavior is termed as science. Application of collected behavioral knowledge and skills in the organization is known as art

·        Organizational behavior is a term which is beneficial for both organization and peoples working within the organization. It creates good interpersonal relations among employer and employees in the organization. Employers get full detailed information about their employees working with them. This eventually reduces all conflicts within organization and results in better interpersonal relations.

 

 56.      Programming strategies of television channel

             All networks need to fill their air time with programming. The programming executives must figure out What new shows to develop, What new shows to greenlight, Which programs to keep and to cancel. Overall, they must develop a programming strategy and plan for implementation.

            Programming is divided into two major areas: development and scheduling. Development involves choosing promising show ideas, purchasing them, and producing them into viable TV shows. Scheduling involves planning a programming lineup to maximize viewership.

            To create a compelling TV series, the principal components of the show must differentiate it from the competition.

            Since television programming is strategic, network executives determine a programming strategy by considering the following factors:

• A scheduling strategy including the day and time a show should air, the line-up on a particular day (the order of shows), and a programming block
• Target audience demographics for the programming
• Audience flow--keeping the audience tuned in from one show to the next
• Advertiser appeal
• Promotions for the program
• Production costs of a program
• Cost to purchase rights to particular programs
• Type of program such as sitcom, drama, reality, and talk show
• Television ratings
• The competitive landscape during any particular day part

 

 57.      Supply and demand

 

·        Among other factors, a person's access to media technology affects the amount and quality of his or her intake. 

·        In the United States, in 2009 estimated the 'average' American consumes 34 gigabytes of media a day."

·        The amount of media consumption among individuals is increasing as new technologies are created.

·        The sum of media asked for and delivered to consumers on mobile devices and their homes would take more than 15 hours a day to see or hear.

·        With social media networks rapidly growing such as Instagram, Facebook, and Twitter, our world of media consumption is reaching a younger and younger age group, making our consumption that much larger as a country.

·        With mobile devices such as smartphones, news, entertainment, shopping and buying are all now at the tip of our fingers, anytime, anywhere.^[

·        In the world of TV advertising, some markets are short on supply, while others have it in bucket loads. 

·        But in reality, the application of programmatic (according to a programme, schedule, or method) is not so dried.

·        Take France, for example. On the whole, there is very little unsold TV inventory (list), meaning supply and demand are in natural balance.

·        This is a market that will likely yield few buy- or sell-side advantages in pricing or audience discovery within a programmatic TV framework.

·        By contrast, the U.S. has roughly 70 ad-supported channels available to the average household. 

·        They (media owners) need the ability to manage inventory, maximize yield and seamlessly fulfill campaign audience commitments across all content distribution channels. 

 

 58.      Project planning stages

Project Goals

A project is successful when it has met the needs of the stakeholders. A stakeholder is anybody directly, or indirectly impacted by the project.

As a first step, it is important to identify the stakeholders in your project. It is not always easy to determine the stakeholders of a project, particularly those impacted indirectly. Examples of stakeholders are:

• The project sponsor
• The customer who receives the deliverables
• The users of the project output
• The project manager and project team

Once you have established a clear set of goals, they should be recorded in the project plan. It can be useful also to include the needs and expectations of your stakeholders.

Project Deliverables

·        Using the goals you have defined, create a list of things the project needs to deliver to meet those goals. Specify when and how to deliver each item.

·        Add the deliverables to the project plan with an estimated delivery date. You will establish more accurate delivery dates during the scheduling phase, which is next.

Project Schedule

Create a list of tasks that need to be carried out for each deliverable. For each task determine the following:

• The amount of effort (hours or days) required for completing the task
• The resource who will carry out the task

Once you have established the amount of effort for each task, you can work out the effort required for each deliverable, and an accurate delivery date. Update your deliverables section with the more precise delivery dates.

Human Resource Plan

·        Identify, by name, the individuals and organisations with a leading role in the project. For each, describe their roles and responsibilities on the project.

·        Next, specify the number and type of people needed to carry out the project. For each resource detail start dates, the estimated duration and the method you will use for obtaining them.

Communications Plan

            Create a document showing who is to be kept informed about the project and how they will receive the information. The most common mechanism is a weekly or monthly status report, describing how the project is performing, milestones achieved and the work you've planned for the next period.

Risk Management Plan

Risk management is an important part of project management. Although often overlooked, it is important to identify as many risks to your project as possible and be prepared if something bad happens.

 Here are some examples of common project risks:

• Time and cost estimate too optimistic
• Customer review and feedback cycle too slow
• Unexpected budget cuts
• Unclear roles and responsibilities
• No stakeholder input obtained
• Not clearly understanding stakeholder needs
• Stakeholders changing requirements after the project has started
• Stakeholders adding new requirements after the project has started
• Poor communication resulting in misunderstandings, quality problems and rework
• Lack of resource commitment

 

 59. Media organization

             The term "media organization" means “a person or entity engaged in disseminating information to the general public through a newspaper, magazine, other publication, radio, television, cable television, or other medium of mass communication.” Media organizations have something to sell, and that the audiences are their customers

Gatekeeping

            The media product passes through many levels of organizational processing on its way to the audience, and at each step in the process, the original data is filtered reduced in length, edited for style, censored, and so on. Each step in the process can be thought of as a gate through which the data must pass on its way to the consumer, consequently this situation is known as gatekeeping.

Agenda Setting

            In recent decades media researchers have been able to demonstrate an indirect, but nonetheless powerful, connection between what the news media presents and what people think. This connection has been dubbed agenda setting.

            The media tend to set the "agenda" -- the list of items that people will be discussing. Thus, the power of the media may lie not in its ability to sway people's opinions, but rather in its role of determining what issues will be considered important enough to discuss.

 CONTENT

       The term content refers to the message that is distributed by the mass media organization by means of the mass communication channel. The content includes such as entertainment, advertisements, news, sports, etc.

      The content of each medium is subject to analysis and criticism by its readers. "Literary criticism," "film criticism," and "television criticism" are all well established fields of academic study, and some members of mass media organizations make their livings by publishing their critical views.

SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

             Typically, mass communication operates as a one way communication – messages flow from the media organizations to their audiences in a way that allows for very little immediate feedback. Those who work in media organizations are themselves a part of the society within which their audiences exist, there is a path by which audience response to mass communication messages can feed back to the producers of the messages

 

60. Media is service organization

 ·        The word ‘media’ is derived from the word medium, signifying mode or carrier. Media is intended to reach and address a large target group or audience.

·        The word was first used in respect of books and newspapers i.e. print media and with the advent of technology, media now encompasses television, movies, radio and internet.

 ·        In today’s world, media becomes as essential as our daily needs. Media of today is playing an outstanding role in creating and shaping of public opinion and strengthening of society.

·        Media is the sword arm of democracy. Media acts as watchdog to protect public interest against malpractice and create public awareness.

 ·        Media has remained an integral part of human civilization. From the days of Vedas and Upanishads to the modern day’s audio video and print media, media has always taken a pivotal role in shaping our society.

 ·        During the days of freedom struggle newspapers like Tilak’s Maratha, Mahatmaji’s young India acted as a platform to place the demands of Indian.

 ·        In this era of liberalistion, privatisation and globalisation(LPG) the world has reached our drawing room thanks to media.

 ·        Since the introduction of television in our country in late 70’s visual media becomes a very potential tool in informing the current news to the society, entertaining the people and shaping up of public opinion.

 ·        The World Wide Web has given rise to electronic media where even a common man can express views through blogs, website posts, facebook and twitter.

 ·        Media helps in fighting against corruption, nepotism (partiality), etc and carrying out campaign against them.

 ·        Way back in independent India from the Mundra case to the jeep scandal to the hawala case to the kickbacks received in different defense deals- Indian media performs commendably in exposing the corrupted highly placed statesman.

 ·        In recent scams from commonwealth to 2G, exposed thanks to television and print media, media acted as a catalyst to government action compelling government to swing into action including suspending ministers and putting ministers into jail.

 ·        Who can forget the crusade taken by Indian media in the Nirbhaya rape case and shaping the public opinion in one of the most heinous (shocking) crimes the world has ever witnessed. Without media, the news of government schemes and benefits would have never reached the target audience.

 

 61. Marketing process vs Sales

 

1.      Process

            Whether you're writing a marketing or sales plan, both will include details about the history of the company and its goals and initiatives. Then the plans dive into the aspects of the plan that are specific for each department.

            The marketing plan lays out what the product is, its price, who it'll be sold to, and where it will be sold. This is also known as the 4Ps of marketing: product, price, place, and promotion. Goals are set, marketing channels are chosen, and a budget is made for the campaigns the marketing team plans to pursue.

 

            Sales plans include details about the sales process, team structure, target market, and goals. Plus, the sales plan outlines the action plan, tools, and resources that will be used to hit these targets.

 

2.      Goals

            The primary goal of marketing is to look big picture and promote the company, product or service, and brand. Marketing departments are responsible for pricing the products and communicating how the product fills customers' needs and wants.

 

3.      Tools and Resources

            A CRM database is a tool that can be used by sales, marketing, and the company as a whole. The database helps all departments manage relationships with contacts, no matter which stage of the customer lifecycle they're in.

            Social media can also be leveraged by both business units. For marketing, social media can be used to promote content and for sales, it can be used as part of a social selling strategy.

Plus, there are tools that are specific to each department.

Marketing tools

·         Search engine optimization (SEO) tool

·         Project management tool

·         Data reporting software

·         Content creation tool

        

      Sales Tools

    Meetings app

Documents tools 

 Invoicing software

·         Email management tool

 

4.      Strategies

Marketing teams can take different strategic approaches depending on the type of campaign and customer they're targeting.  Marketing strategies include:

 

·         Internet marketing

·         Print marketing

·         Blog marketing

·         Search engine optimization

·         Social media marketing

·         Video marketing

 

Similar to marketing strategies, sales methods can vary depending on its industry, products, market, and target customer. Some of the most popular sales methodologies are:

 

·         Solution Selling

·         Conceptual Selling

·         CustomerCentric Selling

·         The Challenger Sale

 

 62. Freedom of press

 

·        Freedom of the press or freedom of the media is the principle that communication and expression through various media, including printed and electronic media, especially published materials, should be considered a right to be exercised freely.

·        Such freedom implies the absence of interference from an overreaching state; its preservation may be sought through constitution or other legal protection and security.

·        With respect to governmental information, any government may distinguish which materials are public or protected from disclosure to the public.

·        State materials are protected due to either of 2 reasons: the classification of information as sensitive, classified or secret, or the relevance of the information to protecting the national interest.

·        The United Nations' 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights states: "Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference, and to seek, receive, and impart information and ideas through any media.

·        The depth to which these laws are entrenched in a country's legal system can go as far down as its constitution.

·        The concept of freedom of speech is often covered by the same laws as freedom of the press, thereby giving equal treatment to spoken and published expression.

 

 63. Impact of globalization on Indian media

 ·        The Indian media and entertainment industry is one of the fastest growing industry in the world.

·        India has many entertainment media. Its film and television sectors are dominating the entertainment industry.

·        Film and television sectors are growing and globalisation has impacted entertainment and media sectors. India produces many films running at global level theatres, especially in Japan, Singapore, USA, and Canada.

·        Indian films and televisions got very large audience all over the world.

·        Indian film and television producers are improving the international marketability of large budget Indian movies by building partnership with international screenwriters and composers technicians. 

·        Indian film industry enjoys world fourth place and television industry is in the third place.

·        The most important effect of Globalisation on film industries was that it enabled a bigger market for films worldwide.

·        It was after the 1990’s that films started to get released worldwide. This increased the size of the film market and massive growth of revenue in result.

 

64. Characteristics of an effective budget

 ·        Budget - how much a media company is going to spend for a program (Ex-Advertising)

·        Budget is done in the pre-production stage and it is not same for every company

·        Budget is prepared based on the program and its content.

·        Different types of budgets are there in advertising such as affordable method, percentage of sales method, competitive parity method, objective and task method, judgment method

·        In film production budget is prepared by above the line and below the line method and based on production (stages) method.

·        New product has to spend more advertising than existing product

·        Company’s which have high market share usually spend less amount for advertising. Example – Apple products

·        The budget spend for the program should be worth for its output

·        The factors that decides budget are the duration of advertisement, number of time it is advertised, the geographical area, etc.

 

65. Promotion department

 ·        The circulation department takes care of everything after the newspaper is printed.

·        This includes delivering the publication to homes through their own or third-party carriers, to the post office to be mailed into homes, as well as to newsstands, vending machines, and other places it's circulated.

·        It is usually headed by a major executive, the circulation manager, since the newspaper ultimately stands or falls on the basis of the number of steady readers that can be enrolled.

·        Sales Promotion:It involves the direction of an office staff to keep records, notifying subscribers when their subscriptions need renewing, the handling of complaints, new subscriptions and renewals over the counter, by mail, etc.

·        Promotion is essentially the "public relations" department of the newspaper. Where a separate promotion department exists, it usually is responsible for initiating promotion policies, subject to the approval of the publisher, and usually coordinates the promotional activities of other departments.

 

66. Editorial department in newspaper organization

             The editorial department forms the backbone of any newspaper organization. As the name implies, this department is the one responsible for content creation in any newspaper establishment. The main responsibilities of this department is the gathering of news, selecting which news and features get to be published in the paper, editing the news and features that have been selected for publication and then laying them out for print. 

 Publisher- The publisher is responsible for all of the operations of the newspaper, both editorial and business. The main job of the publisher is to see that the newspaper remains financially healthy.

 Editor- The editor is responsible for all of the editorial content of the newspaper and for the budgets and money spent by the editorial side of the newspaper. Often in smaller papers, the publisher and editor is the same person.

 Editorial page editor- The editorial page editor is responsible for the editorial page and the "op-ed" page of the newspaper. These pages are where the newspaper's editorials are printed as well as letters to the editor, columns by syndicated columnists and guest columns by local people.

 Managing editor- This is the person who is in charge of the day-to-day production of the newspaper.

 City Editor- The city editor -sometimes called the metro editor -is in charge of the news coverage of the area in which the newspaper is located. The city editor usually has the largest staff and assigns tasks to most of the local news reporters.

 News reporter- A news reporter gathers information about news stories in the local area. There are generally two kinds of reporters: i) a beat reporter, and ii) a general assignment reporter.

 A beat reporter covers the same subject or location all the time. The subject is generally of interest to the reporter. Various beats include legal reporting, parliamentary reporting, political reporting, etc. Ageneral assignment reporter, on the other hand, covers any story assigned by the city editor or assistant city editor.

 Chief copy editor- The chief copy editor is in charge of the newspaper's copydesk. The people on the copydesk read news stories (and sometimes stories from other sections) to make sure they are written according to the newspaper's standards. The chief copy editor makes final decisions about the copy and is in charge of the staffing of the desk.

 Copy editor- A copy editor is specially trained to read the stories that others have written and make sure they conform with the rules of grammar and style. A copy editor also writes headlines and performs other duties that help produce the newspaper every day.

 Photo editor- A photo editor is not a photographer, although it is often the case that the photo editor is a former photographer. This editor assigns photographers and helps select the photos that the newspaper prints.

 Graphics editor- The graphics editor is the head of the graphics department, sometimes called the "art department." This editor is in charge of all of the graphics and illustrations produced for the newspaper.

 Graphics reporter- A graphics reporter researches and designs informational graphics that support news stories the paper. A graphics reporter is an expert in graphic forms and also must be able to local information that can be used to build graphics.

 

 67. Duties and responsible of editor (in Newspaper)

 ·        They represent the editorial team in important and controversial matters.

·        Manage the editorial team since they have the most experience. However they do little writing and may from time to time contribute to an editorial pieces or editing content

·        Ensuring the final draft is complete and there are no omissions or any form of plagiarism.

·        They responsible for motivating and developing the editorial team. They may also help settle disputes and problems

·        They also handle reader complaints and take responsibility for issues after publication

·        Attends all and chairs the Editorial Board meetings and ensures that meeting are productive, run smoothly and end on time, with all business completed

·        Sees that all stories for their media company are assigned and deadlines are established

·        Enforces deadlines on news stories submission and production

·        Responsible for design and layout of the front page and news sections in print edition

·        In consultation with the adviser and / or lab-teaching assistant, he/she organizes production of the newspaper, including copyediting, computer inputting and formatting, and pagination, proofreading and prepress. Plans and directs weekly Editorial Board meetings throughout the semester

 

68. Media manager and his / her responsibilities

             Media Managers are communication specialists who develop and implement all targeted content for various media platforms. They research, write, proofread and edit all media content, implement and manage media campaigns, and deliver public relations and communications plans. Media managers are expected to possess super project management and organizational skills with the ability to work comfortable under pressure in a fast – paced environment. To ensure success, media managers should demonstrate a wide degree of creativity and latitude with a keen interest in shaping an organization’s image and values through appropriate communication to the outside world.  

 Media manager responsibilities

 ·        Identify press opportunities through evolving issues

·        Develop content for dissemination via press releases, social media, websites and other distribution channels.

·        Ensure that key messages align with vital business strategies

·        Serve as the organization’s media liaison and formal spokesperson

·        Conduct press conference and briefings.

·        Scan media marketplace to keep up-to-date on the latest media trends

·        Monitor online and offline campaigns and report on results

·        Negotiate with media channels to close competitive deals

·        Build and manage the organization’s social media profile and presence

·        Promote additional projects to support new product launches

·        Build long-term relationships with media influencers

·        Appropriately manage the organization’s media budget

69. Problems faced by small newspaper organization

 

            A small newspaper is a newspaper with a circulation less than 2500. These papers cater to the needs of the people living in one particular locality. Small newspapers play a more direct role in forcing the accountability of the people's representatives and all in influencing the people. They are also a good source of local, political and commercial information, while at the same time satisfying the socio-cultural interest of the readers and providing entertainment for them.

Problems of Small Newspapers

·        A small newspaper is a written publication containing news and ads, usually printed on low costs newsprint often published on a daily and weekly basis.

·        Small newspapers focus solely on one particular geographical area where most of the readers live.

·        Subscriptions in small news papers generate a very low revenue and is insufficient to run a newspaper efficiently.

·        Since ads generate a major amount of the organization's revenue, the dearth of the ads greatly affect a small newspaper's finance because of the boom in Electronic media

·        With a limited revenue, small newspapers cannot maintain a large staff. The administration also finds it hard to pay for the basic utilities like phone and electricity for its employees.

·        They also use low cost printing which is of much lower quality, giving the newspaper a very cheap look.

·        Small newspaper has a very limited network because they employ very few reporters. They do not have time to go out and widen their networks.

·        The paper faces a major problem in delivering newspapers when there are no delivery boys available..

·        The circulation figures of a small newspaper is very less since small newspaper are subscribed by people of only one locality.

·        Small newspaper with their limited circulation figures cannot afford to participate with the big organization’s price wars.